Im Not Alone :: Personal Narrative Writing

I'm Not Alone The path to solitude at Charlie's Corner Bar. Along the way, I pass the party store where I'll find the beer and cigarettes I've been instructed to purchase. It can wait. As I approach the bar, blaring neon beer slogans light up the darkened windows. A couple leaves the bar, and through the open door seeps the sound of laughter meant to impress. As I walk into the bar I see the laughter stems from the mass of hairy chests, tight dresses and bleached hair surrounding the jukebox in the corner. I make my way to a seat at the end of the bar and raise my hand slightly to get Charlie's attention. "What'll it be tonight?" I lay my money down, "Ah, the usual Charlie" -- double Vodka on the rocks (harder to trace on the breath). Taking a sip, I briefly scan for an interesting life among a room scattered with rhinestone diamond earrings, quaffed brunette curls over Mayboline eyes, and fermented grain vapors pushed past lipstick and chapstick. I have an almost psychotic habit of staring at strangers and wondering if they could be anything like me. Occasionally, I spot what I think could be a kindred spirit and find some comfort in the fact I'm not alone. I skim over the tight dresses in the corner, "Nothing like me," and catch sight of an interesting specimen, partially hidden by shadows, sitting adjacent to the pool table in the back of the room -- "Huh, he's new." There's an obviously intoxicated man playing pool, and while aiming for a phantom ball on the table, a swift and drunken move of his cue stick causes his beer, sitting on the table behind him, to fall in to the lap of the stranger. The debouchered fool attempts an apology as the man slowly rises from his seat. "Looks like the beginnings of a brawl," I tell Charlie, pointing towards the table. "Huh, brawl. I always wanted to say that at a bar, but I never actually wanted to witness one." The stranger blots himself dry with the towel Charlie has brought to him, and he turns to the drunk in an effort to accept the apology. Other than minor frustration, the man seems unaffected by the act. I wonder if his dry-cleaning bill will be received with the same response. His composure intrigues me. Most of the men I've known would have pounded the drunk for his carelessness, but the expensive suit he adorns is my first clue that this guy is definitely not like most men I've known.

Shadow of a Doubt

Plot consists of â€Å"everything visibly and audibly present† shown on the screen which Is also known as mils-en-scene (Borrowed & Thompson, 2010, p. 80). This includes Endicott materials, such as a series of shots that are presented outside the narration (e. G a flashback) and also music, that does not affect the characters in the film as they cannot hear or see them. What is the benefit of making a distinction between story and plot? The distinction between story and plot occurs because the plot consists only of explicitly presented events.Off-screen activity Is not a part of the film's plot – this content belongs to the story alone. From this we can see hat explicitly presented events are common to both the story and the plot. However, plot can present Endicott material such as images and sound, can further assist the viewer in developing an understanding of the plot and therefore the story. For example, in Shadow of a Doubt the repeated images of a dance scene set to the Merry Widows Waltz, is neither heard nor seen by the characters in the film.It is intellect. This distinction gives us the tools to analysis what the narrative is doing with time, specifically order (chronology, flashbacks, flash forwards), duration (length f time) and the frequency (how often event Is revisited In the plot). What Is the relationship between the story and the plot in this film? What does the difference between them tell us? How are order, duration and frequency used in the narrative to manipulate time? In Shadow off Doubt the events are organized in chronological order.The story begins in Philadelphia and then travels to Santa Rosa where it remains for the duration of the film. The opening scene puts the viewer In the middle of the action but deliberately keeps them In the dark about the Vat' and Why of the scene. Information presented in the plot is deliberate to give the audience enough information to guess the beginning of the story. Only the Endicott mate rial, the images of the dancers are presented to us out of sequence. These images may be a flashback to uncle Charlie's life or they may be purely Endicott.The viewer is never told If there is any physical connection with these and Uncle Charlie, however the viewer can conclude that from the evidence presented that this Is where the most recent murder took place. The duration of the film Is separated Into three segments; the story duration, the plot duration and the screen duration. The duration for the story and the plot in Shadow of a Doubt are quite different. The story takes place over several months or possibly several years. There are a range of inferred events which the viewer never witnesses.The murders of the wealthy widows occur earlier in the story, before we first meet uncle Charlie; however they incrimination of Uncle Charlie by his niece. Out of this week, only portions are shown to make up the total screen duration which lasts 108 minutes. 2. Opening and Closing Scene s What expectations are set up in the opening scene of this film? How is character established? Shadow of a doubt opens with the credits rolling over a ballroom scene which will play an important role throughout the film.The audience is brought into the story Just as a series of events is initiated, to create interest. The audience expectations are set from the opening scenes. Whilst relaxing, Uncle Charlie is informed that two men are looking for him. Proving to be quick witted he gives them the slip, before arranging to leave town. At this point the audience expects that Uncle Charlie might have been wrongly accused of a crime and is being chased by police. Uncle Charlie, as a character, creates a rather smooth enigma to which the audience is drawn, making them hesitant to incriminate him.So far his main goal appears to be escaping the two men. The reaction from young Charlie and her family to her uncle coming to visit is very positive, setting the expectation that this visit is g oing to be a wonderful break from the humdrum everyday life. How are characters established in the opening scene? This opening scene establishes Uncle Charlie as an inscrutable character. He first appears lying in a rather Drachma like position on his bed in what can be described as lower-class surroundings. The appearance and bearing rather out of place with his working-class setting.The miss-en-scene adds to his mysterious enigma, particularly the lighting, with the shadows from the windows resembling prison bars. The discarded notes scattered on the floor and nightstand carries certain contempt for money whilst his violent reaction to the news that he is being followed, raises the question that he may belong to the criminal underworld. Young Charlie is introduced lying on her bed in the same manner; however her settings could not be more different. The camera shots of her house and suburb, place her in an upper middle class setting.The lighting is brighter and the quaint girlishn ess of the room's dcord implies a young innocent girl, lost in the world of wishful thinking. Her posture is more open and thoughtful, with her mind being rather taken with the idea of idealistic world that Uncle Charlie would help create. Her thoughts seem to mirror Uncle Charlie's when she shows contempt for money. Looking at the closing scene, how have the elements established in the opening scene been transformed into a new or different situation?The development of the characters from the opening scene is cleverly played with Uncle Charlie's figure developing from mysterious business man into a full blown murdering sociopath. This darker side of him is triggered through the actions of Young Charlie who, through a series of events, finds out the truth about her beloved uncle. Throughout the movie we see less and less from Uncle Charlie's point of view, narrowing his knowledge of occurring events. His dangerous side edges closer to the surface as he loses control over his persona. As Young Charlie dissolves the enigma around her uncle she realizes that her idealistic roll does not exist, as everyone has a dark side including her. This said it is easy to see that young Charlie and Uncle Charlie are portrayed as total opposites. The closing scene is an expansion on this with Uncle Charlie and Young Charlie ironically transformation is exceptionally clear in young Charlie from a naive, idealistic girl to a more sensible intelligent woman. 3. Range and Depth of Information How does narration function in terms of range and depth of information in your film?The narration of this film is arranged so that the plot implies the events that occurred t the beginning of the story. The range of knowledge given is mainly restricted to young Charlie and what she sees, hears and feels. This is done to engage the audience and to ensure they care about her, so a bigger impact is created when something happens to her. Some times the audience knows something before young Charlie, for example when Uncle Charlie gives her an engraved ring, the dance scene follows, leading the viewer to infer that it belonged to one of the dancing ladies, possibly murdered by Uncle Charlie.The film also goes into the depths of the characters psychological states. We learn that young Charlie does not want the truth about her uncle to come out because of the effect it might have on her mother. Also Uncle Charlie's mental state is linked back to a childhood accident, and leaves that audience wondering if it was the reason that he is a sociopath. In general do you consider the plot to be withholding information for the sake of curiosity or surprise, or supplying information in such a way as to increase suspense (or, perhaps, both)?In Shadow of a Doubt the plot both withholds information for the sake of curiosity and supplies certain information to increase suspense. For example, when Uncle Charlie rips out a newspaper article we do not see what it is that he is trying to hide. It is not until Charlie goes to the library that it is revealed to be about the Merry Widow Murderer's latest victim. This drawn-out event maintains the curiosity of the viewer by withholding information. The plot also supplies information to create suspense. The audience sees Uncle Charlie turning on the motor and taking the key of the car.Then when he sends Young Charlie to the garage and locks her in, we see her struggle to turn of the motor before succumbing to the fumes, whilst in the souse Uncle Charlie is delaying the departure of the family. To increase suspense, we do not see what is happening to young Charlie until she is rescued. Where does the film sit in terms of the continuum between unrestricted and restricted narration? The style of the film leans more towards restricted narration. Before Uncle Charlie arrives in Santa Rosa we get a few shots into his previous activity but the scenes concentrate particularly on the family and in particular young Charlie.At this point th e audience knows a bit more about her uncle than she does. For example, we suspect that he possibly being chased by the police but we do not know what they are investigating. Later Uncle Charlie hides a newspaper story but we do not see what it was about until young Charlie, curious about his odd behavior, finds it. Thereafter, the narration is restricted to young Charlie, limiting the audience to what she finds out. An exception to this is the garage scene where we see Uncle Charlie starting the car and taking the key, making the audience aware of the trap to create suspense.Where does the depth of story information sit in terms of the continuum teen objectivity and subjectivity? Shadow of a Doubt uses subjectivity with great affect concerning the depth of story information supplied. One particular scene is where the camera slowly zooms in on Uncle Charlie's face during his rant about greedy widows. The camera is positioned from young Charlie's point of view so we point Young Charl ie interjects off screen, at which Uncle Charlie turns and speaks straight into the camera. Hitchcock purpose here was to engage the audience's minds and emotions to further draw them to the story.Uncle Charlie is treated with objectivity to create a more intense enigma. We do not find out why he feels hatred towards rich widows, nor do we experience anything from his point of view. This objectivity is to encourage the viewers to side with young Charlie. 4. Causality How does causality (cause and effect) operate in two or three other scenes (besides the Opening and Closing scenes discussed earlier) in your film? The transformation of Charlie as she realizes her uncle is a sociopath, is initiated from the moment the detective tells her that Uncle Charlie may be a murderer. One of young Charlie's raids is noticing things no one else does.She notes Uncle Charlie's hiding of the news story and also the engagement inside the ring. Seemingly insignificant at the time, the ring links throu gh a series of scenes to determine the finale out come of the movie. Young Charlie's transformation from naive child in to knowledgeable women directly affects the motive of the narrative. This change begins and ends with the detective, Jack, who first plants the seeds of suspicion in her mind. Thinking through earlier events young Charlie concludes that all is not right with her uncle, therefore tenting a chain of events in motion.She finds the newspaper article and links it to the engagement on her ring convincing her that Uncle Charlie is the murderer. This leads to her outburst at her uncle, who, realizing he has been discovered, takes back the ring. He then threatens and attempts to kill his niece to hide his secret. After his second failed attempt at killing young Charlie, she retrieves the ring. In a clever shot by Hitchcock, young Charlie enters down a staircase as her uncle is making a toast. He stops, taken aback and the camera tracks in on the ring on young Charlie's fing er. Shadow of a Doubt Plot consists of â€Å"everything visibly and audibly present† shown on the screen which Is also known as mils-en-scene (Borrowed & Thompson, 2010, p. 80). This includes Endicott materials, such as a series of shots that are presented outside the narration (e. G a flashback) and also music, that does not affect the characters in the film as they cannot hear or see them. What is the benefit of making a distinction between story and plot? The distinction between story and plot occurs because the plot consists only of explicitly presented events.Off-screen activity Is not a part of the film's plot – this content belongs to the story alone. From this we can see hat explicitly presented events are common to both the story and the plot. However, plot can present Endicott material such as images and sound, can further assist the viewer in developing an understanding of the plot and therefore the story. For example, in Shadow of a Doubt the repeated images of a dance scene set to the Merry Widows Waltz, is neither heard nor seen by the characters in the film.It is intellect. This distinction gives us the tools to analysis what the narrative is doing with time, specifically order (chronology, flashbacks, flash forwards), duration (length f time) and the frequency (how often event Is revisited In the plot). What Is the relationship between the story and the plot in this film? What does the difference between them tell us? How are order, duration and frequency used in the narrative to manipulate time? In Shadow off Doubt the events are organized in chronological order.The story begins in Philadelphia and then travels to Santa Rosa where it remains for the duration of the film. The opening scene puts the viewer In the middle of the action but deliberately keeps them In the dark about the Vat' and Why of the scene. Information presented in the plot is deliberate to give the audience enough information to guess the beginning of the story. Only the Endicott mate rial, the images of the dancers are presented to us out of sequence. These images may be a flashback to uncle Charlie's life or they may be purely Endicott.The viewer is never told If there is any physical connection with these and Uncle Charlie, however the viewer can conclude that from the evidence presented that this Is where the most recent murder took place. The duration of the film Is separated Into three segments; the story duration, the plot duration and the screen duration. The duration for the story and the plot in Shadow of a Doubt are quite different. The story takes place over several months or possibly several years. There are a range of inferred events which the viewer never witnesses.The murders of the wealthy widows occur earlier in the story, before we first meet uncle Charlie; however they incrimination of Uncle Charlie by his niece. Out of this week, only portions are shown to make up the total screen duration which lasts 108 minutes. 2. Opening and Closing Scene s What expectations are set up in the opening scene of this film? How is character established? Shadow of a doubt opens with the credits rolling over a ballroom scene which will play an important role throughout the film.The audience is brought into the story Just as a series of events is initiated, to create interest. The audience expectations are set from the opening scenes. Whilst relaxing, Uncle Charlie is informed that two men are looking for him. Proving to be quick witted he gives them the slip, before arranging to leave town. At this point the audience expects that Uncle Charlie might have been wrongly accused of a crime and is being chased by police. Uncle Charlie, as a character, creates a rather smooth enigma to which the audience is drawn, making them hesitant to incriminate him.So far his main goal appears to be escaping the two men. The reaction from young Charlie and her family to her uncle coming to visit is very positive, setting the expectation that this visit is g oing to be a wonderful break from the humdrum everyday life. How are characters established in the opening scene? This opening scene establishes Uncle Charlie as an inscrutable character. He first appears lying in a rather Drachma like position on his bed in what can be described as lower-class surroundings. The appearance and bearing rather out of place with his working-class setting.The miss-en-scene adds to his mysterious enigma, particularly the lighting, with the shadows from the windows resembling prison bars. The discarded notes scattered on the floor and nightstand carries certain contempt for money whilst his violent reaction to the news that he is being followed, raises the question that he may belong to the criminal underworld. Young Charlie is introduced lying on her bed in the same manner; however her settings could not be more different. The camera shots of her house and suburb, place her in an upper middle class setting.The lighting is brighter and the quaint girlishn ess of the room's dcord implies a young innocent girl, lost in the world of wishful thinking. Her posture is more open and thoughtful, with her mind being rather taken with the idea of idealistic world that Uncle Charlie would help create. Her thoughts seem to mirror Uncle Charlie's when she shows contempt for money. Looking at the closing scene, how have the elements established in the opening scene been transformed into a new or different situation?The development of the characters from the opening scene is cleverly played with Uncle Charlie's figure developing from mysterious business man into a full blown murdering sociopath. This darker side of him is triggered through the actions of Young Charlie who, through a series of events, finds out the truth about her beloved uncle. Throughout the movie we see less and less from Uncle Charlie's point of view, narrowing his knowledge of occurring events. His dangerous side edges closer to the surface as he loses control over his persona. As Young Charlie dissolves the enigma around her uncle she realizes that her idealistic roll does not exist, as everyone has a dark side including her. This said it is easy to see that young Charlie and Uncle Charlie are portrayed as total opposites. The closing scene is an expansion on this with Uncle Charlie and Young Charlie ironically transformation is exceptionally clear in young Charlie from a naive, idealistic girl to a more sensible intelligent woman. 3. Range and Depth of Information How does narration function in terms of range and depth of information in your film?The narration of this film is arranged so that the plot implies the events that occurred t the beginning of the story. The range of knowledge given is mainly restricted to young Charlie and what she sees, hears and feels. This is done to engage the audience and to ensure they care about her, so a bigger impact is created when something happens to her. Some times the audience knows something before young Charlie, for example when Uncle Charlie gives her an engraved ring, the dance scene follows, leading the viewer to infer that it belonged to one of the dancing ladies, possibly murdered by Uncle Charlie.The film also goes into the depths of the characters psychological states. We learn that young Charlie does not want the truth about her uncle to come out because of the effect it might have on her mother. Also Uncle Charlie's mental state is linked back to a childhood accident, and leaves that audience wondering if it was the reason that he is a sociopath. In general do you consider the plot to be withholding information for the sake of curiosity or surprise, or supplying information in such a way as to increase suspense (or, perhaps, both)?In Shadow of a Doubt the plot both withholds information for the sake of curiosity and supplies certain information to increase suspense. For example, when Uncle Charlie rips out a newspaper article we do not see what it is that he is trying to hide. It is not until Charlie goes to the library that it is revealed to be about the Merry Widow Murderer's latest victim. This drawn-out event maintains the curiosity of the viewer by withholding information. The plot also supplies information to create suspense. The audience sees Uncle Charlie turning on the motor and taking the key of the car.Then when he sends Young Charlie to the garage and locks her in, we see her struggle to turn of the motor before succumbing to the fumes, whilst in the souse Uncle Charlie is delaying the departure of the family. To increase suspense, we do not see what is happening to young Charlie until she is rescued. Where does the film sit in terms of the continuum between unrestricted and restricted narration? The style of the film leans more towards restricted narration. Before Uncle Charlie arrives in Santa Rosa we get a few shots into his previous activity but the scenes concentrate particularly on the family and in particular young Charlie.At this point th e audience knows a bit more about her uncle than she does. For example, we suspect that he possibly being chased by the police but we do not know what they are investigating. Later Uncle Charlie hides a newspaper story but we do not see what it was about until young Charlie, curious about his odd behavior, finds it. Thereafter, the narration is restricted to young Charlie, limiting the audience to what she finds out. An exception to this is the garage scene where we see Uncle Charlie starting the car and taking the key, making the audience aware of the trap to create suspense.Where does the depth of story information sit in terms of the continuum teen objectivity and subjectivity? Shadow of a Doubt uses subjectivity with great affect concerning the depth of story information supplied. One particular scene is where the camera slowly zooms in on Uncle Charlie's face during his rant about greedy widows. The camera is positioned from young Charlie's point of view so we point Young Charl ie interjects off screen, at which Uncle Charlie turns and speaks straight into the camera. Hitchcock purpose here was to engage the audience's minds and emotions to further draw them to the story.Uncle Charlie is treated with objectivity to create a more intense enigma. We do not find out why he feels hatred towards rich widows, nor do we experience anything from his point of view. This objectivity is to encourage the viewers to side with young Charlie. 4. Causality How does causality (cause and effect) operate in two or three other scenes (besides the Opening and Closing scenes discussed earlier) in your film? The transformation of Charlie as she realizes her uncle is a sociopath, is initiated from the moment the detective tells her that Uncle Charlie may be a murderer. One of young Charlie's raids is noticing things no one else does.She notes Uncle Charlie's hiding of the news story and also the engagement inside the ring. Seemingly insignificant at the time, the ring links throu gh a series of scenes to determine the finale out come of the movie. Young Charlie's transformation from naive child in to knowledgeable women directly affects the motive of the narrative. This change begins and ends with the detective, Jack, who first plants the seeds of suspicion in her mind. Thinking through earlier events young Charlie concludes that all is not right with her uncle, therefore tenting a chain of events in motion.She finds the newspaper article and links it to the engagement on her ring convincing her that Uncle Charlie is the murderer. This leads to her outburst at her uncle, who, realizing he has been discovered, takes back the ring. He then threatens and attempts to kill his niece to hide his secret. After his second failed attempt at killing young Charlie, she retrieves the ring. In a clever shot by Hitchcock, young Charlie enters down a staircase as her uncle is making a toast. He stops, taken aback and the camera tracks in on the ring on young Charlie's fing er.

Drug Legalization Essay - 1115 Words

Drug Legalization Drug legalization has become a great issue among Americans for many years, and there have also been those that try to stop that legalization. The article, â€Å"Legalizing Drugs is Not the Solution† by Gerald W. Lynch, has a good argument based on facts and incidents that have occurred from drug use. In this article a person thinks twice about what they are really doing when they use drugs, and it is clear as to why legalizing drugs would not be a logical solution As spoken in this essay about the legalization of drugs and its bad effects, Lynch uses a lot of relevance and sufficiency throughout his piece. Relevance is the appropriateness of his evidence to the case at hand (Faigley and Selzer 45). Sufficiency is†¦show more content†¦This demonstrates the facts that are related to the negative effects of drug use. Lynch states this with his examples of what drug users have done with vandalism in various cities around the world. We all tend to look down on drugs at one time or another, but in this day and age it is getting way too easy to access drugs in the legal world and that needs to be stopped. With the legalization of drugs there would be a lot more drug related deaths and that is another reason why legalization would be bad, and as Lynch states, â€Å"Drug legalization would not eliminate crime† (Lynch 491). This stresses the issue that if drugs were legalized that they would do more harm than good. Through legalizing drugs a lot of officials feel they are going to solve a lot of problems in the drug world with over use by people that do not need it, but in reality they will just make the addictions worse for people in general. Lynch does a good job of stating these topics throughout his essay. Lynch has good historical analogies throughout his writing also. A historical analogy compares something that is going on now with a similar case in the past (Faigley and Selzer 40). One argument that he uses is about the Platzpitz, which is a park in the center of Zurich, when it was devastated from drug dealers and drug addicts (Lynch, G. 492). The information that is given about this subject explains how drugs have caused negativeShow MoreRelatedThe Legalization Of Drug Legalization1310 Words   |  6 Pages Drug decriminalization is opposed by the majority of Americans. Leaders in drug prevention, education, treatment, and law enforcement are against it, as are many political leaders. However, pro-drug advocacy groups, who support the use of drugs, are making headlines. They are influencing legislation and having a significant impact on the national policy debate in the United States. Although, pro-advocacy groups claim decriminalization of drugs will lower incarceration rates and boost the economyRead MoreDrug Legalization1579 Words   |  7 Pagesget their drug, being able to get drugs for which they re sure of the quality. 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Some would argue that legalizing drugs would create an economic opportunity forRead More Drugs And Legalization Essay566 Words   |  3 Pages Drugs and Legalization nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Since early on man has been interested in the consumption of substances that altered the mind or ones feeling. The consumption of substances can be broken down into legal and illegal substances. The question is, who are we to label certain substances illegal and prohibit others from using them by creating penalties for their use? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;If the importation, sale and use of drugs were legal, the open competition would eliminate

The City Of Saint Paul Called Washington Technology Magnet...

Over a millennium, women and men sports have never been viewed the same. When sports were first originated it was only meant for men to compete. During this time, women were forbidden to compete. Woman were always underestimated or never taken for serious. Even to this day women sports are still being seen the same way, especially in high school sports. One school in particular that will be focused on in this paper is in the city of Saint Paul called Washington Technology Magnet School. This school is a victim just like many other schools out there that women s sports are not getting enough fundings compared to the men s programs they have because woman sports are being considered inferior. One way to solve this problem, in this†¦show more content†¦With these numbers of schools that participate a lot of woman sports teams are not getting the equal treatment they deserve. In 1972 the Congress passed an Educational Amendment stating that all federally funded schools should no t discriminate anybody by gender from playing sports. (History of Title IX. 2011, September 13). The title 9 was made to give equality to all participants who are playing for a school. Mainly for girls who were discriminated from playing sports. U.S Secretary of Education, Rod Paige said â€Å"Without a doubt, Title IX has opened the doors of opportunity for generations of women and girls to compete, to achieve, and to pursue their American Dreams. This Administration is committed to building on those successes.† (United States. Department of Education; United States. Secretary of Education s Commission on Opportunity in Athletics, 2003, 2) Even though this law has been passed and has ensure equality to a lot of woman out there, there is still a handful of high schools that break this law. Torrey Pines High School had a women s basketball team that went undefeated in the year of 2013. But it still showed that the boys games had more fundings than the girls team. The bleachers would be close to full every game, even though the boys team at this high school didn’t have a great season like the women s team for this school. According to thisShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesAutotown, U.S.A. Van Gosse and Richard Moser, eds., The World the Sixties Made: Politics and Culture in Recent America Joanne Meyerowitz, ed., History and September 11th John McMillian and Paul Buhle, eds., The New Left Revisited David M. Scobey, Empire City: The Making and Meaning of the New York City Landscape Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography Allida M. 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The Destruction Of Ancient Egyptian Relics From Cairo

A question that often arises when walking down a well occupied hallway of a museum is, â€Å"Who found this piece of history?†, or â€Å"How did it get here?† The answers to these questions still leave historians, archaeologists, art collectors and curators divided; whether their work leaves their moral conscience intact or brings them to realization that, in fact, these items were taken from their â€Å"rightful owners.† Ideally, the art belongs to its country of origin whether it is owned by the government or the individual. However, there are numerous circumstances that prevent this from playing out, such as war, reassigning borders of a country, and change in governmental policies and so on. In areas of turmoil, when the integrity of historical artefacts are under threat, external forces come into play in order to preserve them. Jonathan Tokeley-Parry justifies his smuggling of ancient Egyptian relics from Cairo during the ongoing economic crisis and the struggle with the Islamist terrorist group, Al- Qaeda, as the â€Å"only way to preserve ancient artifacts† (Who Owns Ancient Art? Part 1, CBC/Ideas, 2015). The insurgence of Islamist terrorist organizations during the 1990s into Egypt forced the local museums to sell off, legally or otherwise, their exhibits at highly reduced prices to neighboring countries, international curators, as well as smugglers. If these steps had not been undertaken, these objects would be used to fuel terrorist activities which would propel the nation intoShow MoreRelatedStolen Egyptian Artifacts1836 Words   |  8 PagesHosni Mubarak. Fires caused by the friction from the protesters, the police, and the civilians trying to stop the vi olence, spread the destruction up to the doorstep of the National History Museum. In a desperate attempt to save the museum and it’s artifacts, civilians linked arms and hands to form a human barrier between the protestors and the country’s national treasures. Despite the brave efforts by those who wanted to protect the museum, 50 relics disappeared that night. Unfortunately those wereRead MoreThe Form And Symbolism Of The Church Of Holy Virgin Essay1214 Words   |  5 Pagesdistrict of Cairo, 6 meters below the sea level is located one of the most inveterate Churches of Egypt. It is the church of The Holy virgin in Harat Zawayla in al-Qurunfish in the Fatimid section of Cairo. Three churches comprise this church: The first is dedicated to The Virgin Mary, the oldest and the most important, the second to Saint Mercurius and the third to Saint George. Inscriptions show that the construction of this church dates back to the ninth Century. Being one of the important reli cs of EgyptRead MoreMuseums Essays10752 Words   |  44 Pagestoday. Finally, the article describes major museums in countries throughout the world. HISTORY OF MUSEUMS Museums  stem  from  the age-old human desires to preserve cultural identity; gain social, political, and economic status; and pursue knowledge. The word museum—first used in English in the 17th century—derives from the Greek mouseion, meaning â€Å"seat of the Muses.† In ancient Greece, mouseions were temples or sacred places dedicated to the nine goddesses of the fine arts and sciences, which later

Critically assess psychological theories of fascism. Free Essays

string(80) " that fascism is a psychology also entails that it has a psychology of its own\." Introduction According to the Oxford dictionary, Fascism is â€Å"an authoritarian and nationalistic right-wing system of government and social organization. In general use extreme right-wing, authoritarian, or intolerant views or practices: this is yet another example of health fascism in action. The term Fascism was first used of the totalitarian right-wing nationalist regime of Mussolini in Italy (1922–43); the regimes of the Nazis in Germany and Franco in Spain. We will write a custom essay sample on Critically assess psychological theories of fascism. or any similar topic only for you Order Now Fascism tends to include a belief in the supremacy of one national or ethnic group, a contempt for democracy, an insistence on obedience to a powerful leader, and a strong demagogic approach†. Geoffrey Gorer (1935:199) noted in 1935: â€Å"Mr Wells thinks that he hates fascism; he is horror-struck as any liberal at its brutality, its barbarism, its philistinism, its illogicality and its narrow nationalism; but he puts all the blame on the last quality; if it was only international, it wouldn’t really be so bad†. It is clear from Gorer’s satire that even as early as 1935, to understand Fascism only as a negative thought process, was rejected and intellectuals started taking a kinder view of the movement (if it could be called thus?). Many started analysing and assessing its psychological theories, which, precisely, we will endeavour to do in the following essay. Though a critical assessment of these theories is expected, it would suffice to say that a positive view regarding Fascism at the onset will serve our purpose sufficiently, for the ideology has already been seen in a very bad light for the repercussions that it entailed and the miseries the wor ld had to face, in the light of a consolidated fascistic onslaught during the world war II. However, what we shall try and understand is the modern view that Fascistic tendencies have existed in all ages and in all humans universally, and that they found an explosive eruption during an unfortunate period and consequently a set of nations and people had to bear the brunt of being blamed for it. Universality of Fascist psychology So, this understanding of Fascism has now come a long way from the understanding of it as purely a political/mass movement. It was believed that the fascist party â€Å"introduced† fascism by force or by â€Å"political man oeuvre†. Contrary to this, Reich (1946:6) says that his medical experience with individuals from all kinds of social strata, races, nationalities and religions shows that â€Å"fascism† is the only politically organized expression of the average human character structure. Furthermore, it is a character structure which has nothing to do with race, nation or party but which is general and international. In this characterological sense, â€Å"fascism† is the basic emotional attitude of a man in authoritarian society, with its machine civilization and its mechanistic-mystical view of life. It is the mechanistic-mystical character of man in our times which creates fascist parties and not vice versa.† Fascism according to modern sociologists and psychologists, therefore, is not a purely reactionary movement; rather it is a mixture of rebellious emotions and reactionary social ideas. Now if this is true, then we cannot limit fascism specifically to a national character of Germany or Japan. If understood as a mixture of rebellious emotions and reactionary social ideas, it can be considered an international phenomenon, which permeates all organizations of human society in all nations. This means that there could be German, Italian, Spanish, Anglo-Saxon, Jewish and Arabian fascism (Riech, 1946:7) Basis of Fascistic psychology In its pure form, Fascism is the sum total of all irrational reactions of the average human character. Its origins are from the basic human tendencies. In Freudian explanation of the unconscious, the superficial layer in the nature of an average individual consists of that of conscientiousness and compassion. This superficial layer is similar to the biological core of human nature which too is co-operative and love based. But unfortunately, the superficial layer and the biological core are separated from each other by an intermediary layer which makes an individual cruel and sadistic. This intermediary layer is also known as â€Å"secondary impulses† or the unconscious, the anti-social structure in human structure which is the secondary result of the repression of primary biological impulses. As the contact between the â€Å"superficial layer† and the â€Å"biological core† is hard to obtain, what makes appearance is the perverse antisocial layer of the character (viii). Since irrational part of the human nature becomes prominent, both the other layers become subservient to the subversive, irrational tendencies, thus giving birth to prejudices. All prejudices show their origin from irrational part of human character whether they be race prejudices, national prejudices, ethnic prejudices or even, violence. Since Fascism is an emotional outburst whether it be against intolerable social conditions or depravity of any sort, it cannot be understood solely as a political phenomenon. It is a human phenomenon, a psychological-human- phenomena which cannot be tied to a boundary of nationality or race, but that which is universal, pervading the entire world, across all nationalities. And this is very clear from the history of the 20th century that no society has remained untouched from violence or irrational behaviour. In addition, irrational behaviour has played a vital role in human history and has achieved results which have not always been negative. If negative at all, we cannot make fascism harmless if we only look for it in Americans or Germans and we do not look for it in oneself and the social institutions which hatch him ev ery day (Reich:7). He argues (p.11) Hitlerism is not confined to Germany; it penetrates worker’s organizations and all kinds of liberal and democratic circles. Fascism is not a political party, but a specific Weltanschuung and a specific attitude toward people, toward love and work. So this proves that fascism more than being a political, subversive movement is a part of human psychology, which though a maligned movement has positive elements too. We shall now analyze Fascistic psychology in relation to its aesthetics, people, and work. Fascist aesthetics The fact that fascism is a psychology also entails that it has a psychology of its own. You read "Critically assess psychological theories of fascism." in category "Essay examples" This psychology of Fascism can be unearthed by understanding its aesthetics. Alan Tansman in (Fall 2008:144-153), analysing Japanese Fascist prose says, â€Å"†¦so captivated, we can still seek to trace the fascist moment by paying attention to form not primarily as embodiments of concepts that need elucidation (though they need that too), but rather as patterns of fascistic feelings that require feelings and unravelling. To trace the movement of fascist aesthetics within or across works would mean to follow it as a style of thought and representation, a style embodied in forms that leave their content behind and have in Henri Focillon’s (1992: 69) words, â€Å"a mobile life in a changing world†. Similarly Starbinski, (1989:116-21), praising another Japanese Yasuda’s work says, â€Å"The uncomfortable truth that Yasuda’s work was more than mere dangerous incitement, but was also powerful poetry, reminds us that even after we account for the political implications of his language there remains a formal quality that resists both being analysed critically and used politically† . The undeniable aesthetics of the Fascists was similarly emphasized by Tansman ( 2008:146) saying, â€Å"this allows us to see in action Kobayashi’s aesthetics, his evocation of â€Å" fascist moments† that attempted to shut down his reader’s critical intelligence and make self-abnegation, sacrifice and violence feel alluringly beautiful†. These examples of the readings of Japanese fascistic writers reveals that in spite of the fact that these writers were following an agenda, there still remains a subtle aesthetic beauty to be unearthed, understood and appreciated. And this again proves our initial assertion that tendencies of fascistic psychology have been present at all times as we find the same crisis with general literary men too. Fascistic psychology towards people Franklin D. Roosevelt said â€Å"The first truth is that the liberty of a democracy is not safe if the people tolerate the growth of private power to a point where it becomes stronger than their democratic state itself†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Henry Wallace too said â€Å"Still another danger is represented by those who, paying lip service to democracy and the common welfare, in their insatiable greed for money and the power which money gives, do not hesitate surreptitiously to evade the laws designed to safeguard the public from monopolistic extortion. Their final objective toward which all their deceit is directed is to capture political power so that, using the power of the state and the power of the market simultaneously, they may keep the common man in eternal subjection. They claim to be super-patriots, but they would destroy every liberty guaranteed by the Constitution. They are patriotic in time of war because it is to their interest to be so, but in time of peace they follow power and the dollar, wherever that may lead.† This sort of disillusionment caused by democracy sought being redressed by Fascism. Fascism became popular because it could do what liberalism and socialism did not succeed in doing. People have the need to belong to something greater, something superior than themselves. During crisis, the common people crave for unity and purpose of life and this in turn causes them to seek strength and guidance. Fascism provided that. Fascist psychology is the mentality of the subjugate â€Å"little man† who craves authority and he is both a ‘revolutionary’ who believes in rational rebellion against intolerable social conditions and a ‘radical’ for he believes in going to the root’. With this aspect in view, we could say that Fascism brought the inferiority instincts of the suppressed human to the core and created an emotional crisis in which the aspirations of common people started being given the due importance. Fascistic psychology towards work Fascism was a wave which brought extreme nationalism into vogue and had national pride and development at its core. The fascists in Italy and Germany wanted to see their countries as super-powers. Therefore the work ethics as outlined by Fascists was hard work. As Corradini tells us that for Italy to become an economic power â€Å"what was required was a marshalling, rationalization, and disciplining of human and natural resources to the tasks such a process would inevitably entail. Sacrifice and discipline were advocated as cardinal virtues for a nation of â€Å"producers† (1924:214-29). National pride in nation building was the mantra. And though being blatantly anti-modern, Mussolini piloting his own aircraft and tooling the Italian hills in his red sports car were public displays of this modernizing temper. The public policies of introducing the work ethic among civil servants, of insistence that the trains run on time, and plans for the development of a modern road syste m were the first overt indications of the character of Fascism’s modernizing disposition (Gregor, 1974:370-384). This work ethic of disciplining and progress according to Volpe (1928) gave a â€Å"massive impulse† to economic development. It was this work ethic in which pauperized masses of workers developed a sharp consciousness of their social situation, and also developed a will to eliminate their social misery. As Reich (1946:16) says, â€Å"It was exactly the pauperized masses who carried Fascism, the ultimate in political reaction, to power†. Here, it would not be impertinent to discuss the Fascistic attitude towards Modernization too. Though generally believed to be anti-modernistic in its approach, in hearkening back to pre-modern ideals and recreating a utopian â€Å"ancient Rome†, Fascism had undeniable modernistic tendencies. Turner (1972:548) conceives of modernization as being a complex process â€Å"involving industrialization, urbanization, secularization, and rationalization†. These elements which form the crux of what we try to ascertain as modern, though Modernity in itself is a vague and ambiguous term. However, if these markers enlisted by Turner form the base of being modern, then by that standard, fascists were near moderns. The principal constituents that entered into the coalition that became Fascism-Futurism, Italian Nationalism and Revolutionary National Syndicalism, seem to have all been clearly modernizing in intention (Gregor, 1974:373). All of this conjoined with the Fascist program s of urban redevelopment and expansion made Rome, Milan, Turin, and Genoa heavily populated modern industrial and commercial centres. This suggests that Fascism could hardly be conceived as a â€Å"utopian anti-modernism† in intention (Gregor, 1974:377). Maddison (1964) points out that in 1938, using 1913 as a base, the index of aggregate volume of output of Italy had risen to 153.8 compared more than favourably with that of France (109.4), and Germany (149.9). Again using 1913 as a base, the aggregate index for output per man in 1938 stood at 145.2 for Italy, 136.5 for France, 122.4 for Germany, 143.6 for United Kingdom, and 136.0 for the United States. This proves that the Fascist work culture had borne productive fruits and that in spite of the fact that they declared themselves to be anti-Modernism, Fascists were inclined totally towards industrialization, one of the most important and universally accepted tenets of the modernization process. This evaluation of the psychology of the Fascists on a human, personal and socio-economic level leads us to the belief that there was not much wrong with the aggressive policies pursued by the fascists. The problem arose with the execution of those policies and their repercussions thereafter. The only thing that the writer has tried to prove in this paper is that Fascistic tendencies were not something new that had descended suddenly upon the earth, but that they are latent forces locked in all individuals and ages as History has shown. Therefore, to label a set of countries or people as fascists is not warranted. We all are fascists in some way or the other and the need of the hour is to control this fascism in each of us for the furtherance of a more beneficial and humane human psychology. Bibliography: 1) Reich, Wilhelm. (1946:6) The mass psychology of Fascism: Orgone Institute Press 2) Tansman, Alan. Reading Fascism’s Form. Representations, vol 104. No1 (Fall2008), pp.144-153 3) Focillon, Henri. (1992:69) The life of Forms in Art :New York. 4) Starobinski, Jean.(1989:116-21) â€Å"The Critical Relation† in The Living Eye, trans.Arthur Gothammer, Cambridge, 1989. 5) Gorer, Geoffrey. (1935.199) Nobody Talks Politics: A Satire with an Appendix on our Political Intelligentsia : London. 6) Corradini, Enrico. (1924:214-29) â€Å"Nationalismo e socialism†, in Discorsi Politici, Florence. 7) Gregor, James. ( April,1974:370-384) Fascism and Modernization .World Politics, vol.26. No.3. 8) Volpe. (1928). Lo sviluppo storico del fascism , Rome. 9) Turner, Henry, Jr., ( July,1972:547-64) â€Å"Fascism and Modernization†, World Politics, XXIV 10) Maddison, Angus.(1964) Economic Growth in the West. New York. Appendices A, E, H, I. How to cite Critically assess psychological theories of fascism., Essay examples

Motivational Theory Human Resource

Question: Explain two motivational theories of Human Resource Management. Answer: 1. Explaining two motivational theories: In this section, two motivational theories of human resource management have been analyzed in detail manners. Motivational theories try to evolve the process of motivating the employees of a business organization. Therefore, employees are the most important stakeholders of an organization (Ali, 2012). Employees are the most valuable asset of an organization in order to achieve the goal as well as objective of the organization. In this section, Maslow theory of motivation and McGregor theory of motivation has been discussed in detail manner. 1.1. Maslows theory of motivation: Figure 1: Maslow Hierarchy of Needs (Source: Altarawmneh and Al-Kilani, 2010, pp-48) As stated by, Andersen and Minbaeva (2013), this theory depends on the hierarchy of needs. This theory discuses the basic needs and demands of the people those are based upon hierarchy. Psychological needs of the people have been discussed in this Maslow model. Abraham Maslow has invented this theory in the year of 1950s. Five stages of needs have been discussed in this model of Abraham Maslow. Physiological needs: According to the model of Abraham Maslow, first stage is involved in the Physiological needs of the employees. Employees of the organization first looks for the cleanliness as well as air, light of the organization. Employees also have the need of accurate salary for sustaining in the particular organization where he/she works. These needs are the basic needs for the employees that have to be secured by the employer organization (Anyadike, 2013). Safety needs: This step describes the safety of life and the place where a person works. Safety needs refer to the job security as well as health insurance those can boost the morale and motivation of the employees. Financial and health security of the employees in the workplace should be considered by the employer organization in order to retain the employees (Bakker et al. 2011). Social needs: Human beings are the social animal. For this reason, various types of social needs are very important for motivating the employees of an organization. Friendly instead of professional atmosphere among the organization is needed in order to motivate the employees of the organization. Social needs can help in order to build a strong relationship among the employees and the particular organization as well as authority of the organization (BAL et al. 2013). Esteem needs: This need can be referred as the needs for rank as well as designation and the up gradation of the recent post of the employee. This need has been linked with the designation, self respect, responsibilities and higher status (Bibi et al. 2012). Self actualization: Innovative work and creativity among the work environment can be included in this need. According to Bledow et al. (2011), Maslow theory has the advantage of describing the needs of human psychology at every aspect of working life. The organization can understand several phases of the psychology of the employees. The level of importance of those needs can be understood by the employer in order to know the basic demands of the employees. On the other hand, Chiaburu and Diaz (2011) stated that, this theory has based upon the narrow segment. This theory has failed to deliver the individual needs of every employee as the needs vary from human to human. 1.2. McGregor theory of motivations: Douglas McGregor has developed a theory of motivation. X and Y theory has been developed by Douglas McGregor. This theory is based upon the contemporary understanding about the psychological perspective of employees of different organization. Figure 2: Theory of X and Y (Source: Christian et al. 2011, pp- 91) X Theory (Autocratic leadership): Employees follow the leaders of the particular organization. Managers have controlled over the employees and their works. Managers do not take any decisions for the sake of the employees of the organization. Y Theory (Participatory leadership): This theory states that the workers participate in every aspects of the organization. Friendly atmosphere is there in order to help the workers for self motivating the urge of working. Every employee is strongly motivated in this situation. As stated by Chen (2010), this theory tends to be very easy to understand for the employees. Therefore, this theory has been failed in the process of motivating employees of the organization. 2.1. Application of theories: Theory of motivation has to be implemented with the Tesco Plc which is a major British based multinational retail company. Job design: In order to design job for the employees Tesco should be careful about the basic needs and demands of the employees of the organization. Tesco has designed the job in accordance with the qualifications as well as ability of the employees of the organization. However, acquiring the Maslows model of motivation job will be designed by evaluating the various types of needs of the employees, like social, physiological needs etc. Interpersonal skills: Tesco Plc should be aware about the fact that, communication and interaction among the employees should be increased. Employees from different culture and language should be incorporated in this work. In order to increase the interaction as well as communication among the employees the authority should arrange some interactive session with employees and managerial level workers. Reward and system of recognition: Reward is very important factor for motivating the employees of the organization. Rewards and recognition can be categorized by the financial as well as non financial element. These elements help to increase the trust of the employees about the organization and the members of the authorities (Andersen and Minbaeva, 2013). McGregor theory of motivation applied in McDonalds Feed forward system within the organization will give the McDonalds to overcome with transactional form of leadership into participative form of leadership. By the help of feed forward techniques every decision made by the management will confirm from the employees in order to understand their problems, issues and their query about the helps to create the loyalty towards the organizations. This system within the organization can bring confidence among the employees and they can feel their presence within the company. The feed forward system implementations will creates tow communication within the McDonalds the chances of conflicts arising will be less that will help to creates positive environment for working for the employees. According to the theory y of McGregor is for participative leadership for working environment of the worker for friendly and delegation of work at an open system environment. There are management should be able to take decision for their employees. And in this kind of organisation the working condition of the employees are strong motivated. And with the free participation of employees in proper training for decision making allows the employees to encourage positive way of working and increase the company profit by 21% every year. 2.2 Advantages and disadvantages of the implementations: The Tesco Plc has amplified the efficiency of the workers by almost 23 %. Initially the efficiency of workers in Tesco Plc was 11.09 %. This amplification of efficiency occurred in the Tesco Plc by practicing the model of implementation and motivation. On the other hand, this model of implementation and motivation can boost and motivate the workers of the Tesco Plc to work smoothly which can give a high production level in Tesco Plc. This will also help the Tesco Plc Company to achieve the objectives of the company and can earn more profit from the market. This will help the company to increase the profit margin of the company. The method of job enrichment and job rotation can give a high responsibility and high accountability between the workers of McDonalds. This method will take more time for the McDonalds firm to take important decisions for the company which can force the company to face difficult position in the competitive market. Apart from this, the authority of delegation can increase the error percentage in the firm. This method will force the company to spend more money which will deduce the profit margin of the company (Tesco plc, 2015). 3. Evaluation of motivational theories to manage the achievement of the organizations set targets outcomes Companies mainly set some goals for their organization and always performance hard to achieve that setting goals during a given span of time. Goal strategy actually affects the performance to enhance the motivation of the employee to achieve the goal within given period of time. All the goal achieving strategy mainly affects the employees behavior in the organization with all individuals and group of people (Sevincer, A., Kluge, L. and Oettingen, G, 2013). This theory is set to focus on the goal as well as on those people who all are working to achieve this goal. If behavior of the employee is not up to mark for achieving the goal, then the target will be not going to fulfilled in the given period of time. Goals those have targets to achieve that within given period of time and employees are aware of their mission also highly motivated for that purpose (Schunk, D., Meece, J. and Pintrich, P, 2014). Management in an organization will give direct attention to their employees behaviors towards achieving the particular goal and as well as inspire their employees with achievement awards to motivate him. To calculate the time spends by an individual to achieve their targets. Like if any one studies hard for the exam for longer hour so definitely target will be attend within or before time. Effectiveness of motivational theories for improvement of business in terms of market share, sales volume, profitability, customer satisfaction. There are many theories which improved the business performance of an organization Maslow theory of needs, the job of the employees is design according to their needs and capacity of workers within organization (O'Driscoll, C. 2012). Some core features should be kept in mind by the Human resource manager of the company. Feed towards system within the organization can bring confidence among their subordinate overcome with transactional form of leadership into participative leadership. Maslow theory of motivation in TESCO The theory has increase its market shares as because initially company was at the 3rd place in UK retail sector with 29% of market shares but current it lies above the competitors by using the Maslow theory of motivations (Miller, W. 2012). UK retail 2014 Market Shares % Tesco 29% Asda 17.1% Sainsbury 16.5% Morrisons 10.09% Waitrose 7.2% After implementation of the Maslow theory within the organizations, Tesco has been able increase its market shares in 3rd position in 2014. Employees are very much satisfied with way things are going for great achievement. Every need is being fulfilled by the organizations Tesco develops new learning portal , 2010). Sometimes organization use 360 degree appraisal systems to motivational theories are working to enhance the productivity of the employee. This theory helps the company to assess the actual position of the company and employees productivity. There is a new program available the organization for help the company to improve their strong relationship with their supervisor and employees (Mcreynolds, J. 2012). Effectiveness of motivational theories to increase the employee satisfaction According to McGregor theory of feed forward system within organization will give a company to overcome with transactional form of leadership activity. This system implementations will creates communication within the organization and that will help to creates positive environment for working in the company Bentham, S. and Hutchins, 2012. Delegation of authority will build the decision making process for the team. It can be achieved by the organization for their enrichment process and their responsibility to encourage the workers to work in the efficient manners to accomplish their task. The delegation of authority will be going to help to motivate the employees by delegating the authority to lower base of the hierarchy within the organizations. The delegation of authority will bring positive environment with organizations. This will encourage the creativity and sense of responsibility among the employees to complete their duty. Apart from the decision making attitude will also be incorporate with the employees via delegation of responsibilities. With the free participation and proper training for decision making allows the employees to encourage positive way of working and increase the company productivity. Effectiveness of motivational theories to decrease the employee turnover of the organization According to x theory of McGregor motivation theory comprises of two approaches the employees are very much followed the leaders without asking single questions. The management takes decision for their employees and feedback. Workers and employees dislike their works, their works. Mainly tries to neglect their roles and responsibilities and being forced to work and no delegation of authority is being passed (Hanifi, N., Parvizy, S. and Joolaee, S 2013). The theory of X and Y are very much commonly present in the current business world. McGregor theory is very much based on the modern understanding of the employees psychology. The theory explains the two major fundamental methods about the employees who are working with the organization (i) theory of X which suggest that employees are generally giving the poor and worse results (ii) theory Y shows the better results and performance which help the company to achieve their goals. These are based on the leadership style chosen by the organizations or the management authority of the company Chung, K. (2014). The reward re recognition is based on the employees performance at each level of their works. The rewards can base on the monetary and non monetary benefits of company which can fulfill the esteem benefits. The esteems will be fulfilled by the providing the designations that will be help employees to boost their trust rewards from the company. Whenever in the organization the communication within employees will be connected through good team work and also people take a step ahead to help others in decision making to make each others work interesting. Every manager has to motivate their employees to get their work done within the allotted time and achieve their goal. 4. Recommendations Peer to peer review system- This system of appraisal helps to determine a more concrete appraisal for the employees. The peer to peer system increases the efficiency of the employees. This is because in this system, an employees performance is judged from various perspectives. It includes feedback from the colleagues, subordinates and supervisors. It includes evolution of ones own performances also. It may also include feedback from several external factors to an organization like the stakeholders, customers or suppliers. This helps the employee to get a more dependable feedback from the various sources. This method should be followed by the company. Feed forward review system- This type of feedback system involves direct feedback flow in between the manager and the subordinate. The manager gives his reasons for selecting a particular course of action. If he decides to recruit the employee, he explains why he is recruited. If he does not recruit him, then also he explains the reasons for such decision. Here, the strengths and weaknesses are discussed in detail. This method should be followed. Employee involvement review system- This system makes all the employees participate in some program, where they can mix with each other and know themselves better. This creates a strong bonding in between the supervisors and the subordinates. The company should adopt this approach in order to increase employee efficiency. Reference lists Books Chung, K. (2014).Motivational theories and practices. Columbus, Ohio: Grid. Mcreynolds, J. (2012).Motivational theories psychology. Delhi: English Press. Miller, W. (2012). Equipoise and Equanimity in Motivational Interviewing.MITRIP, 1(1). Journals Ali, A. (2012) The Role of Leadership in Human Resource Management Proposing Conceptual Framework of Advanced Leadership Model, Interdisciplinary journal of contemporary research in business, 4(6), 979-989 Altarawmneh, I., and Al-Kilani, M. H. (2010) Human Resource Management and Turnover Intentions in the Jordanian Hotel Sector, Research and Practice in Human Resource Management, 18(1), 46-59 Andersen, T. J. and Minbaeva, D. (2013) The Role of Human Resource Management in Strategy Making, Human Resource Management, 52(5), 809-827 Anyadike, N. O. (2013) Human resource planning and employee productivity in Nigeria public organization, Global Journal of Human Resource Management, 1(4), pp.56-68, Bakker, A.B., Albrecht, S.L., and Leiter, M.P. (2011), Key Questions Regarding Work Engagement, European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 20, 4 28. Bal, P.M., de Cooman, R., and Mol, S.T. 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