The City Of Saint Paul Called Washington Technology Magnet...

Over a millennium, women and men sports have never been viewed the same. When sports were first originated it was only meant for men to compete. During this time, women were forbidden to compete. Woman were always underestimated or never taken for serious. Even to this day women sports are still being seen the same way, especially in high school sports. One school in particular that will be focused on in this paper is in the city of Saint Paul called Washington Technology Magnet School. This school is a victim just like many other schools out there that women s sports are not getting enough fundings compared to the men s programs they have because woman sports are being considered inferior. One way to solve this problem, in this†¦show more content†¦With these numbers of schools that participate a lot of woman sports teams are not getting the equal treatment they deserve. In 1972 the Congress passed an Educational Amendment stating that all federally funded schools should no t discriminate anybody by gender from playing sports. (History of Title IX. 2011, September 13). The title 9 was made to give equality to all participants who are playing for a school. Mainly for girls who were discriminated from playing sports. U.S Secretary of Education, Rod Paige said â€Å"Without a doubt, Title IX has opened the doors of opportunity for generations of women and girls to compete, to achieve, and to pursue their American Dreams. This Administration is committed to building on those successes.† (United States. Department of Education; United States. Secretary of Education s Commission on Opportunity in Athletics, 2003, 2) Even though this law has been passed and has ensure equality to a lot of woman out there, there is still a handful of high schools that break this law. Torrey Pines High School had a women s basketball team that went undefeated in the year of 2013. But it still showed that the boys games had more fundings than the girls team. The bleachers would be close to full every game, even though the boys team at this high school didn’t have a great season like the women s team for this school. According to thisShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesAutotown, U.S.A. Van Gosse and Richard Moser, eds., The World the Sixties Made: Politics and Culture in Recent America Joanne Meyerowitz, ed., History and September 11th John McMillian and Paul Buhle, eds., The New Left Revisited David M. Scobey, Empire City: The Making and Meaning of the New York City Landscape Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography Allida M. 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The Destruction Of Ancient Egyptian Relics From Cairo

A question that often arises when walking down a well occupied hallway of a museum is, â€Å"Who found this piece of history?†, or â€Å"How did it get here?† The answers to these questions still leave historians, archaeologists, art collectors and curators divided; whether their work leaves their moral conscience intact or brings them to realization that, in fact, these items were taken from their â€Å"rightful owners.† Ideally, the art belongs to its country of origin whether it is owned by the government or the individual. However, there are numerous circumstances that prevent this from playing out, such as war, reassigning borders of a country, and change in governmental policies and so on. In areas of turmoil, when the integrity of historical artefacts are under threat, external forces come into play in order to preserve them. Jonathan Tokeley-Parry justifies his smuggling of ancient Egyptian relics from Cairo during the ongoing economic crisis and the struggle with the Islamist terrorist group, Al- Qaeda, as the â€Å"only way to preserve ancient artifacts† (Who Owns Ancient Art? Part 1, CBC/Ideas, 2015). The insurgence of Islamist terrorist organizations during the 1990s into Egypt forced the local museums to sell off, legally or otherwise, their exhibits at highly reduced prices to neighboring countries, international curators, as well as smugglers. If these steps had not been undertaken, these objects would be used to fuel terrorist activities which would propel the nation intoShow MoreRelatedStolen Egyptian Artifacts1836 Words   |  8 PagesHosni Mubarak. Fires caused by the friction from the protesters, the police, and the civilians trying to stop the vi olence, spread the destruction up to the doorstep of the National History Museum. In a desperate attempt to save the museum and it’s artifacts, civilians linked arms and hands to form a human barrier between the protestors and the country’s national treasures. Despite the brave efforts by those who wanted to protect the museum, 50 relics disappeared that night. Unfortunately those wereRead MoreThe Form And Symbolism Of The Church Of Holy Virgin Essay1214 Words   |  5 Pagesdistrict of Cairo, 6 meters below the sea level is located one of the most inveterate Churches of Egypt. It is the church of The Holy virgin in Harat Zawayla in al-Qurunfish in the Fatimid section of Cairo. Three churches comprise this church: The first is dedicated to The Virgin Mary, the oldest and the most important, the second to Saint Mercurius and the third to Saint George. Inscriptions show that the construction of this church dates back to the ninth Century. Being one of the important reli cs of EgyptRead MoreMuseums Essays10752 Words   |  44 Pagestoday. Finally, the article describes major museums in countries throughout the world. HISTORY OF MUSEUMS Museums  stem  from  the age-old human desires to preserve cultural identity; gain social, political, and economic status; and pursue knowledge. The word museum—first used in English in the 17th century—derives from the Greek mouseion, meaning â€Å"seat of the Muses.† In ancient Greece, mouseions were temples or sacred places dedicated to the nine goddesses of the fine arts and sciences, which later

Critically assess psychological theories of fascism. Free Essays

string(80) " that fascism is a psychology also entails that it has a psychology of its own\." Introduction According to the Oxford dictionary, Fascism is â€Å"an authoritarian and nationalistic right-wing system of government and social organization. In general use extreme right-wing, authoritarian, or intolerant views or practices: this is yet another example of health fascism in action. The term Fascism was first used of the totalitarian right-wing nationalist regime of Mussolini in Italy (1922–43); the regimes of the Nazis in Germany and Franco in Spain. We will write a custom essay sample on Critically assess psychological theories of fascism. or any similar topic only for you Order Now Fascism tends to include a belief in the supremacy of one national or ethnic group, a contempt for democracy, an insistence on obedience to a powerful leader, and a strong demagogic approach†. Geoffrey Gorer (1935:199) noted in 1935: â€Å"Mr Wells thinks that he hates fascism; he is horror-struck as any liberal at its brutality, its barbarism, its philistinism, its illogicality and its narrow nationalism; but he puts all the blame on the last quality; if it was only international, it wouldn’t really be so bad†. It is clear from Gorer’s satire that even as early as 1935, to understand Fascism only as a negative thought process, was rejected and intellectuals started taking a kinder view of the movement (if it could be called thus?). Many started analysing and assessing its psychological theories, which, precisely, we will endeavour to do in the following essay. Though a critical assessment of these theories is expected, it would suffice to say that a positive view regarding Fascism at the onset will serve our purpose sufficiently, for the ideology has already been seen in a very bad light for the repercussions that it entailed and the miseries the wor ld had to face, in the light of a consolidated fascistic onslaught during the world war II. However, what we shall try and understand is the modern view that Fascistic tendencies have existed in all ages and in all humans universally, and that they found an explosive eruption during an unfortunate period and consequently a set of nations and people had to bear the brunt of being blamed for it. Universality of Fascist psychology So, this understanding of Fascism has now come a long way from the understanding of it as purely a political/mass movement. It was believed that the fascist party â€Å"introduced† fascism by force or by â€Å"political man oeuvre†. Contrary to this, Reich (1946:6) says that his medical experience with individuals from all kinds of social strata, races, nationalities and religions shows that â€Å"fascism† is the only politically organized expression of the average human character structure. Furthermore, it is a character structure which has nothing to do with race, nation or party but which is general and international. In this characterological sense, â€Å"fascism† is the basic emotional attitude of a man in authoritarian society, with its machine civilization and its mechanistic-mystical view of life. It is the mechanistic-mystical character of man in our times which creates fascist parties and not vice versa.† Fascism according to modern sociologists and psychologists, therefore, is not a purely reactionary movement; rather it is a mixture of rebellious emotions and reactionary social ideas. Now if this is true, then we cannot limit fascism specifically to a national character of Germany or Japan. If understood as a mixture of rebellious emotions and reactionary social ideas, it can be considered an international phenomenon, which permeates all organizations of human society in all nations. This means that there could be German, Italian, Spanish, Anglo-Saxon, Jewish and Arabian fascism (Riech, 1946:7) Basis of Fascistic psychology In its pure form, Fascism is the sum total of all irrational reactions of the average human character. Its origins are from the basic human tendencies. In Freudian explanation of the unconscious, the superficial layer in the nature of an average individual consists of that of conscientiousness and compassion. This superficial layer is similar to the biological core of human nature which too is co-operative and love based. But unfortunately, the superficial layer and the biological core are separated from each other by an intermediary layer which makes an individual cruel and sadistic. This intermediary layer is also known as â€Å"secondary impulses† or the unconscious, the anti-social structure in human structure which is the secondary result of the repression of primary biological impulses. As the contact between the â€Å"superficial layer† and the â€Å"biological core† is hard to obtain, what makes appearance is the perverse antisocial layer of the character (viii). Since irrational part of the human nature becomes prominent, both the other layers become subservient to the subversive, irrational tendencies, thus giving birth to prejudices. All prejudices show their origin from irrational part of human character whether they be race prejudices, national prejudices, ethnic prejudices or even, violence. Since Fascism is an emotional outburst whether it be against intolerable social conditions or depravity of any sort, it cannot be understood solely as a political phenomenon. It is a human phenomenon, a psychological-human- phenomena which cannot be tied to a boundary of nationality or race, but that which is universal, pervading the entire world, across all nationalities. And this is very clear from the history of the 20th century that no society has remained untouched from violence or irrational behaviour. In addition, irrational behaviour has played a vital role in human history and has achieved results which have not always been negative. If negative at all, we cannot make fascism harmless if we only look for it in Americans or Germans and we do not look for it in oneself and the social institutions which hatch him ev ery day (Reich:7). He argues (p.11) Hitlerism is not confined to Germany; it penetrates worker’s organizations and all kinds of liberal and democratic circles. Fascism is not a political party, but a specific Weltanschuung and a specific attitude toward people, toward love and work. So this proves that fascism more than being a political, subversive movement is a part of human psychology, which though a maligned movement has positive elements too. We shall now analyze Fascistic psychology in relation to its aesthetics, people, and work. Fascist aesthetics The fact that fascism is a psychology also entails that it has a psychology of its own. You read "Critically assess psychological theories of fascism." in category "Essay examples" This psychology of Fascism can be unearthed by understanding its aesthetics. Alan Tansman in (Fall 2008:144-153), analysing Japanese Fascist prose says, â€Å"†¦so captivated, we can still seek to trace the fascist moment by paying attention to form not primarily as embodiments of concepts that need elucidation (though they need that too), but rather as patterns of fascistic feelings that require feelings and unravelling. To trace the movement of fascist aesthetics within or across works would mean to follow it as a style of thought and representation, a style embodied in forms that leave their content behind and have in Henri Focillon’s (1992: 69) words, â€Å"a mobile life in a changing world†. Similarly Starbinski, (1989:116-21), praising another Japanese Yasuda’s work says, â€Å"The uncomfortable truth that Yasuda’s work was more than mere dangerous incitement, but was also powerful poetry, reminds us that even after we account for the political implications of his language there remains a formal quality that resists both being analysed critically and used politically† . The undeniable aesthetics of the Fascists was similarly emphasized by Tansman ( 2008:146) saying, â€Å"this allows us to see in action Kobayashi’s aesthetics, his evocation of â€Å" fascist moments† that attempted to shut down his reader’s critical intelligence and make self-abnegation, sacrifice and violence feel alluringly beautiful†. These examples of the readings of Japanese fascistic writers reveals that in spite of the fact that these writers were following an agenda, there still remains a subtle aesthetic beauty to be unearthed, understood and appreciated. And this again proves our initial assertion that tendencies of fascistic psychology have been present at all times as we find the same crisis with general literary men too. Fascistic psychology towards people Franklin D. Roosevelt said â€Å"The first truth is that the liberty of a democracy is not safe if the people tolerate the growth of private power to a point where it becomes stronger than their democratic state itself†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Henry Wallace too said â€Å"Still another danger is represented by those who, paying lip service to democracy and the common welfare, in their insatiable greed for money and the power which money gives, do not hesitate surreptitiously to evade the laws designed to safeguard the public from monopolistic extortion. Their final objective toward which all their deceit is directed is to capture political power so that, using the power of the state and the power of the market simultaneously, they may keep the common man in eternal subjection. They claim to be super-patriots, but they would destroy every liberty guaranteed by the Constitution. They are patriotic in time of war because it is to their interest to be so, but in time of peace they follow power and the dollar, wherever that may lead.† This sort of disillusionment caused by democracy sought being redressed by Fascism. Fascism became popular because it could do what liberalism and socialism did not succeed in doing. People have the need to belong to something greater, something superior than themselves. During crisis, the common people crave for unity and purpose of life and this in turn causes them to seek strength and guidance. Fascism provided that. Fascist psychology is the mentality of the subjugate â€Å"little man† who craves authority and he is both a ‘revolutionary’ who believes in rational rebellion against intolerable social conditions and a ‘radical’ for he believes in going to the root’. With this aspect in view, we could say that Fascism brought the inferiority instincts of the suppressed human to the core and created an emotional crisis in which the aspirations of common people started being given the due importance. Fascistic psychology towards work Fascism was a wave which brought extreme nationalism into vogue and had national pride and development at its core. The fascists in Italy and Germany wanted to see their countries as super-powers. Therefore the work ethics as outlined by Fascists was hard work. As Corradini tells us that for Italy to become an economic power â€Å"what was required was a marshalling, rationalization, and disciplining of human and natural resources to the tasks such a process would inevitably entail. Sacrifice and discipline were advocated as cardinal virtues for a nation of â€Å"producers† (1924:214-29). National pride in nation building was the mantra. And though being blatantly anti-modern, Mussolini piloting his own aircraft and tooling the Italian hills in his red sports car were public displays of this modernizing temper. The public policies of introducing the work ethic among civil servants, of insistence that the trains run on time, and plans for the development of a modern road syste m were the first overt indications of the character of Fascism’s modernizing disposition (Gregor, 1974:370-384). This work ethic of disciplining and progress according to Volpe (1928) gave a â€Å"massive impulse† to economic development. It was this work ethic in which pauperized masses of workers developed a sharp consciousness of their social situation, and also developed a will to eliminate their social misery. As Reich (1946:16) says, â€Å"It was exactly the pauperized masses who carried Fascism, the ultimate in political reaction, to power†. Here, it would not be impertinent to discuss the Fascistic attitude towards Modernization too. Though generally believed to be anti-modernistic in its approach, in hearkening back to pre-modern ideals and recreating a utopian â€Å"ancient Rome†, Fascism had undeniable modernistic tendencies. Turner (1972:548) conceives of modernization as being a complex process â€Å"involving industrialization, urbanization, secularization, and rationalization†. These elements which form the crux of what we try to ascertain as modern, though Modernity in itself is a vague and ambiguous term. However, if these markers enlisted by Turner form the base of being modern, then by that standard, fascists were near moderns. The principal constituents that entered into the coalition that became Fascism-Futurism, Italian Nationalism and Revolutionary National Syndicalism, seem to have all been clearly modernizing in intention (Gregor, 1974:373). All of this conjoined with the Fascist program s of urban redevelopment and expansion made Rome, Milan, Turin, and Genoa heavily populated modern industrial and commercial centres. This suggests that Fascism could hardly be conceived as a â€Å"utopian anti-modernism† in intention (Gregor, 1974:377). Maddison (1964) points out that in 1938, using 1913 as a base, the index of aggregate volume of output of Italy had risen to 153.8 compared more than favourably with that of France (109.4), and Germany (149.9). Again using 1913 as a base, the aggregate index for output per man in 1938 stood at 145.2 for Italy, 136.5 for France, 122.4 for Germany, 143.6 for United Kingdom, and 136.0 for the United States. This proves that the Fascist work culture had borne productive fruits and that in spite of the fact that they declared themselves to be anti-Modernism, Fascists were inclined totally towards industrialization, one of the most important and universally accepted tenets of the modernization process. This evaluation of the psychology of the Fascists on a human, personal and socio-economic level leads us to the belief that there was not much wrong with the aggressive policies pursued by the fascists. The problem arose with the execution of those policies and their repercussions thereafter. The only thing that the writer has tried to prove in this paper is that Fascistic tendencies were not something new that had descended suddenly upon the earth, but that they are latent forces locked in all individuals and ages as History has shown. Therefore, to label a set of countries or people as fascists is not warranted. We all are fascists in some way or the other and the need of the hour is to control this fascism in each of us for the furtherance of a more beneficial and humane human psychology. Bibliography: 1) Reich, Wilhelm. (1946:6) The mass psychology of Fascism: Orgone Institute Press 2) Tansman, Alan. Reading Fascism’s Form. Representations, vol 104. No1 (Fall2008), pp.144-153 3) Focillon, Henri. (1992:69) The life of Forms in Art :New York. 4) Starobinski, Jean.(1989:116-21) â€Å"The Critical Relation† in The Living Eye, trans.Arthur Gothammer, Cambridge, 1989. 5) Gorer, Geoffrey. (1935.199) Nobody Talks Politics: A Satire with an Appendix on our Political Intelligentsia : London. 6) Corradini, Enrico. (1924:214-29) â€Å"Nationalismo e socialism†, in Discorsi Politici, Florence. 7) Gregor, James. ( April,1974:370-384) Fascism and Modernization .World Politics, vol.26. No.3. 8) Volpe. (1928). Lo sviluppo storico del fascism , Rome. 9) Turner, Henry, Jr., ( July,1972:547-64) â€Å"Fascism and Modernization†, World Politics, XXIV 10) Maddison, Angus.(1964) Economic Growth in the West. New York. Appendices A, E, H, I. How to cite Critically assess psychological theories of fascism., Essay examples

Motivational Theory Human Resource

Question: Explain two motivational theories of Human Resource Management. Answer: 1. Explaining two motivational theories: In this section, two motivational theories of human resource management have been analyzed in detail manners. Motivational theories try to evolve the process of motivating the employees of a business organization. Therefore, employees are the most important stakeholders of an organization (Ali, 2012). Employees are the most valuable asset of an organization in order to achieve the goal as well as objective of the organization. In this section, Maslow theory of motivation and McGregor theory of motivation has been discussed in detail manner. 1.1. Maslows theory of motivation: Figure 1: Maslow Hierarchy of Needs (Source: Altarawmneh and Al-Kilani, 2010, pp-48) As stated by, Andersen and Minbaeva (2013), this theory depends on the hierarchy of needs. This theory discuses the basic needs and demands of the people those are based upon hierarchy. Psychological needs of the people have been discussed in this Maslow model. Abraham Maslow has invented this theory in the year of 1950s. Five stages of needs have been discussed in this model of Abraham Maslow. Physiological needs: According to the model of Abraham Maslow, first stage is involved in the Physiological needs of the employees. Employees of the organization first looks for the cleanliness as well as air, light of the organization. Employees also have the need of accurate salary for sustaining in the particular organization where he/she works. These needs are the basic needs for the employees that have to be secured by the employer organization (Anyadike, 2013). Safety needs: This step describes the safety of life and the place where a person works. Safety needs refer to the job security as well as health insurance those can boost the morale and motivation of the employees. Financial and health security of the employees in the workplace should be considered by the employer organization in order to retain the employees (Bakker et al. 2011). Social needs: Human beings are the social animal. For this reason, various types of social needs are very important for motivating the employees of an organization. Friendly instead of professional atmosphere among the organization is needed in order to motivate the employees of the organization. Social needs can help in order to build a strong relationship among the employees and the particular organization as well as authority of the organization (BAL et al. 2013). Esteem needs: This need can be referred as the needs for rank as well as designation and the up gradation of the recent post of the employee. This need has been linked with the designation, self respect, responsibilities and higher status (Bibi et al. 2012). Self actualization: Innovative work and creativity among the work environment can be included in this need. According to Bledow et al. (2011), Maslow theory has the advantage of describing the needs of human psychology at every aspect of working life. The organization can understand several phases of the psychology of the employees. The level of importance of those needs can be understood by the employer in order to know the basic demands of the employees. On the other hand, Chiaburu and Diaz (2011) stated that, this theory has based upon the narrow segment. This theory has failed to deliver the individual needs of every employee as the needs vary from human to human. 1.2. McGregor theory of motivations: Douglas McGregor has developed a theory of motivation. X and Y theory has been developed by Douglas McGregor. This theory is based upon the contemporary understanding about the psychological perspective of employees of different organization. Figure 2: Theory of X and Y (Source: Christian et al. 2011, pp- 91) X Theory (Autocratic leadership): Employees follow the leaders of the particular organization. Managers have controlled over the employees and their works. Managers do not take any decisions for the sake of the employees of the organization. Y Theory (Participatory leadership): This theory states that the workers participate in every aspects of the organization. Friendly atmosphere is there in order to help the workers for self motivating the urge of working. Every employee is strongly motivated in this situation. As stated by Chen (2010), this theory tends to be very easy to understand for the employees. Therefore, this theory has been failed in the process of motivating employees of the organization. 2.1. Application of theories: Theory of motivation has to be implemented with the Tesco Plc which is a major British based multinational retail company. Job design: In order to design job for the employees Tesco should be careful about the basic needs and demands of the employees of the organization. Tesco has designed the job in accordance with the qualifications as well as ability of the employees of the organization. However, acquiring the Maslows model of motivation job will be designed by evaluating the various types of needs of the employees, like social, physiological needs etc. Interpersonal skills: Tesco Plc should be aware about the fact that, communication and interaction among the employees should be increased. Employees from different culture and language should be incorporated in this work. In order to increase the interaction as well as communication among the employees the authority should arrange some interactive session with employees and managerial level workers. Reward and system of recognition: Reward is very important factor for motivating the employees of the organization. Rewards and recognition can be categorized by the financial as well as non financial element. These elements help to increase the trust of the employees about the organization and the members of the authorities (Andersen and Minbaeva, 2013). McGregor theory of motivation applied in McDonalds Feed forward system within the organization will give the McDonalds to overcome with transactional form of leadership into participative form of leadership. By the help of feed forward techniques every decision made by the management will confirm from the employees in order to understand their problems, issues and their query about the helps to create the loyalty towards the organizations. This system within the organization can bring confidence among the employees and they can feel their presence within the company. The feed forward system implementations will creates tow communication within the McDonalds the chances of conflicts arising will be less that will help to creates positive environment for working for the employees. According to the theory y of McGregor is for participative leadership for working environment of the worker for friendly and delegation of work at an open system environment. There are management should be able to take decision for their employees. And in this kind of organisation the working condition of the employees are strong motivated. And with the free participation of employees in proper training for decision making allows the employees to encourage positive way of working and increase the company profit by 21% every year. 2.2 Advantages and disadvantages of the implementations: The Tesco Plc has amplified the efficiency of the workers by almost 23 %. Initially the efficiency of workers in Tesco Plc was 11.09 %. This amplification of efficiency occurred in the Tesco Plc by practicing the model of implementation and motivation. On the other hand, this model of implementation and motivation can boost and motivate the workers of the Tesco Plc to work smoothly which can give a high production level in Tesco Plc. This will also help the Tesco Plc Company to achieve the objectives of the company and can earn more profit from the market. This will help the company to increase the profit margin of the company. The method of job enrichment and job rotation can give a high responsibility and high accountability between the workers of McDonalds. This method will take more time for the McDonalds firm to take important decisions for the company which can force the company to face difficult position in the competitive market. Apart from this, the authority of delegation can increase the error percentage in the firm. This method will force the company to spend more money which will deduce the profit margin of the company (Tesco plc, 2015). 3. Evaluation of motivational theories to manage the achievement of the organizations set targets outcomes Companies mainly set some goals for their organization and always performance hard to achieve that setting goals during a given span of time. Goal strategy actually affects the performance to enhance the motivation of the employee to achieve the goal within given period of time. All the goal achieving strategy mainly affects the employees behavior in the organization with all individuals and group of people (Sevincer, A., Kluge, L. and Oettingen, G, 2013). This theory is set to focus on the goal as well as on those people who all are working to achieve this goal. If behavior of the employee is not up to mark for achieving the goal, then the target will be not going to fulfilled in the given period of time. Goals those have targets to achieve that within given period of time and employees are aware of their mission also highly motivated for that purpose (Schunk, D., Meece, J. and Pintrich, P, 2014). Management in an organization will give direct attention to their employees behaviors towards achieving the particular goal and as well as inspire their employees with achievement awards to motivate him. To calculate the time spends by an individual to achieve their targets. Like if any one studies hard for the exam for longer hour so definitely target will be attend within or before time. Effectiveness of motivational theories for improvement of business in terms of market share, sales volume, profitability, customer satisfaction. There are many theories which improved the business performance of an organization Maslow theory of needs, the job of the employees is design according to their needs and capacity of workers within organization (O'Driscoll, C. 2012). Some core features should be kept in mind by the Human resource manager of the company. Feed towards system within the organization can bring confidence among their subordinate overcome with transactional form of leadership into participative leadership. Maslow theory of motivation in TESCO The theory has increase its market shares as because initially company was at the 3rd place in UK retail sector with 29% of market shares but current it lies above the competitors by using the Maslow theory of motivations (Miller, W. 2012). UK retail 2014 Market Shares % Tesco 29% Asda 17.1% Sainsbury 16.5% Morrisons 10.09% Waitrose 7.2% After implementation of the Maslow theory within the organizations, Tesco has been able increase its market shares in 3rd position in 2014. Employees are very much satisfied with way things are going for great achievement. Every need is being fulfilled by the organizations Tesco develops new learning portal , 2010). Sometimes organization use 360 degree appraisal systems to motivational theories are working to enhance the productivity of the employee. This theory helps the company to assess the actual position of the company and employees productivity. There is a new program available the organization for help the company to improve their strong relationship with their supervisor and employees (Mcreynolds, J. 2012). Effectiveness of motivational theories to increase the employee satisfaction According to McGregor theory of feed forward system within organization will give a company to overcome with transactional form of leadership activity. This system implementations will creates communication within the organization and that will help to creates positive environment for working in the company Bentham, S. and Hutchins, 2012. Delegation of authority will build the decision making process for the team. It can be achieved by the organization for their enrichment process and their responsibility to encourage the workers to work in the efficient manners to accomplish their task. The delegation of authority will be going to help to motivate the employees by delegating the authority to lower base of the hierarchy within the organizations. The delegation of authority will bring positive environment with organizations. This will encourage the creativity and sense of responsibility among the employees to complete their duty. Apart from the decision making attitude will also be incorporate with the employees via delegation of responsibilities. With the free participation and proper training for decision making allows the employees to encourage positive way of working and increase the company productivity. Effectiveness of motivational theories to decrease the employee turnover of the organization According to x theory of McGregor motivation theory comprises of two approaches the employees are very much followed the leaders without asking single questions. The management takes decision for their employees and feedback. Workers and employees dislike their works, their works. Mainly tries to neglect their roles and responsibilities and being forced to work and no delegation of authority is being passed (Hanifi, N., Parvizy, S. and Joolaee, S 2013). The theory of X and Y are very much commonly present in the current business world. McGregor theory is very much based on the modern understanding of the employees psychology. The theory explains the two major fundamental methods about the employees who are working with the organization (i) theory of X which suggest that employees are generally giving the poor and worse results (ii) theory Y shows the better results and performance which help the company to achieve their goals. These are based on the leadership style chosen by the organizations or the management authority of the company Chung, K. (2014). The reward re recognition is based on the employees performance at each level of their works. The rewards can base on the monetary and non monetary benefits of company which can fulfill the esteem benefits. The esteems will be fulfilled by the providing the designations that will be help employees to boost their trust rewards from the company. Whenever in the organization the communication within employees will be connected through good team work and also people take a step ahead to help others in decision making to make each others work interesting. Every manager has to motivate their employees to get their work done within the allotted time and achieve their goal. 4. Recommendations Peer to peer review system- This system of appraisal helps to determine a more concrete appraisal for the employees. The peer to peer system increases the efficiency of the employees. This is because in this system, an employees performance is judged from various perspectives. It includes feedback from the colleagues, subordinates and supervisors. It includes evolution of ones own performances also. It may also include feedback from several external factors to an organization like the stakeholders, customers or suppliers. This helps the employee to get a more dependable feedback from the various sources. This method should be followed by the company. Feed forward review system- This type of feedback system involves direct feedback flow in between the manager and the subordinate. The manager gives his reasons for selecting a particular course of action. If he decides to recruit the employee, he explains why he is recruited. If he does not recruit him, then also he explains the reasons for such decision. Here, the strengths and weaknesses are discussed in detail. This method should be followed. Employee involvement review system- This system makes all the employees participate in some program, where they can mix with each other and know themselves better. This creates a strong bonding in between the supervisors and the subordinates. The company should adopt this approach in order to increase employee efficiency. Reference lists Books Chung, K. (2014).Motivational theories and practices. Columbus, Ohio: Grid. Mcreynolds, J. (2012).Motivational theories psychology. Delhi: English Press. Miller, W. (2012). Equipoise and Equanimity in Motivational Interviewing.MITRIP, 1(1). Journals Ali, A. (2012) The Role of Leadership in Human Resource Management Proposing Conceptual Framework of Advanced Leadership Model, Interdisciplinary journal of contemporary research in business, 4(6), 979-989 Altarawmneh, I., and Al-Kilani, M. H. (2010) Human Resource Management and Turnover Intentions in the Jordanian Hotel Sector, Research and Practice in Human Resource Management, 18(1), 46-59 Andersen, T. J. and Minbaeva, D. (2013) The Role of Human Resource Management in Strategy Making, Human Resource Management, 52(5), 809-827 Anyadike, N. O. (2013) Human resource planning and employee productivity in Nigeria public organization, Global Journal of Human Resource Management, 1(4), pp.56-68, Bakker, A.B., Albrecht, S.L., and Leiter, M.P. (2011), Key Questions Regarding Work Engagement, European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 20, 4 28. Bal, P.M., de Cooman, R., and Mol, S.T. (2013), Dynamics of Psychological Contracts With Work Engagement and Turnover Intention: The Inà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡uence of Organizational Tenure, European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 22, 107 122. Bibi, B., Lanrong, Y., Haseeb, M. and Ahmad, I. (2102) The Effect of Human Resource Management Practices on Employees Job Satisfaction in the Universities of Pakistan Business Management Dynamics, 1(12), pp.01-14 Bledow, R., Schmitt, A., Frese, M., and Kuhnel, J. (2011), The Affective Shift Model of Work Engagement, Journal of Applied Psychology, 96, 1246 1257 Chen, H. and Hung, S. (2010). Systematic linking of organizational strategy, HR strategy and training strategy across OLC, International Journal of Business Strategy, 10(1), 104-115 Chiaburu, D.S., and Diaz, I. (2011), Does Psychological Contract Breach Decrease Proactive Behaviors? The Moderating Effect of Emotion Regulation, Group Organization Management, 36, 722 758 Christian, M.S., Garza, A.S., and Slaughter, J.E. (2011), Work Engagement: A Quantitative Review and Test of Its Relations With Task and Contextual Performance, Personnel Psychology, 64, 89 136 Websites Tesco plc, (2015). Tesco plc. [online] Available at: https://www.tescoplc.com [Accessed 27 Mar. 2015].

Effective Learning Essays - Educational Psychology, Study Skills

Effective Learning Effective learning depends upon good study habits. Efficient study skills do not simply occur; they must first be learned and then applied consistently. Good study strategies include a preset time for study, a desirable place to study, and a well-designed study plan. A Time to study All of us think we have more things to do than we have time to do, and studying gets shortchanged. It is important to prepare a schedule of daily activities that includes time slots for doing the studying we have to do. Within each study slot, write in the specific study activity; for example, "Read Unit 6 of accounting; do Problems 1-5." Keep the schedule flexible so that it can be modified after you assess your success in meeting your study goals within each time slot. A Place to study Choose the best place to study and use the same one every day. Doing so will help to put you in a study mood when you enter that place. According to Usova (1989, 37), " The library is not always a desirable place to study." Choose a place that has the fewest distractions such as people traffic, conversation, telephone, TV, and outside noises. Study is usually best done alone and in the absence of sights and sounds that distract the eye and ear. In your chosen quite place, force the mind to concentrate on the task at hand. A Plan for Study Research on the effects of specific study skills on student performance (Dansereau, 1985, 39) suggests that the following study tactics help to improve academic performance. 1. Skim a unit or a chapter, noting headings, topic sentences, key words, and definitions. This overview will clue you to what you are about to study. 2. As you read a unit or chapter, convert the headings into questions; then seek answers to those questions as you read. 3. If you own the book, use the color marking pens to highlight important ideas: headings, topic sentences, special terms, definitions, and supporting facts. If you don't own the book, make notes of these important ideas and facts. 4. After you have completed a unit or chapter, review the highlighted item (or your notes which contain them.) 5. Using the headings stated as questions, see if you can answer those questions based on your reading. 6. Test yourself to see if you can recall definitions of important terms and list of supporting facts or ideas. A high correlation exists between good study habits and good grades for the courses taken in school. Bibliography Dansereau, D. F. "Learning Strategy Research." Thinking and Learning Skills. Vol.1. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence E Erlbaum 1985, 21-40. Usova, George M. Efficient Study Strategies. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, 1989.

The Majdanek Concentration Camp, 1941 to 1944

The Majdanek Concentration Camp, 1941 to 1944 The Majdanek Concentration and Death Camp, located approximately three miles (five kilometers) from the center of the Polish city of Lublin, operated from October 1941 to July 1944 and was the second largest Nazi concentration camp during the Holocaust. An estimated 360,000 prisoners were killed at Majdanek. Majdaneks Name Although it is often called Majdanek, the official name of the camp was Prisoner of War Camp of the Waffen-SS Lublin (Kriegsgefangenenlager der Waffen-SS Lublin), until February 16, 1943, when the name changed to Concentration Camp of the Waffen-SS Lublin (Konzentrationslager der Waffen-SS Lublin). The name Majdanek is derived from the name of the nearby district of Majdan Tatarski and was first used as a moniker for the camp by residents of Lublin in 1941.* Established The decision to build a camp near Lublin came from Heinrich Himmler during his visit to Lublin in July 1941. By October, an official order for the establishment of the camp had already been given and the construction had begun. The Nazis brought in Polish Jews from the labor camp on Lipowa Street to start building the camp. While these prisoners worked on the construction of Majdanek, they were taken back to the Lipowa Street labor camp each night. The Nazis soon brought in approximately 2,000 Soviet prisoners of war to build the camp. These prisoners both lived and worked at the construction site. With no barracks, these prisoners were forced to sleep and work in the cold outdoors with no water and no toilets. There was an extremely high mortality rate among these prisoners. Layout The camp itself is located on approximately 667 acres of completely open, nearly flat fields. Unlike most of the other camps, the Nazis did not try to hide this one from view. Instead, it bordered the city of Lublin and could easily be seen from the nearby highway. Originally, the camp was expected to hold between 25,000 and 50,000 prisoners. By the beginning of December 1941, a new plan was being considered to expand Majdanek in order to hold 150,000 prisoners (this plan was approved by the camp commandant Karl Koch on March 23, 1942). Later, designs for the camp were discussed again so that Majdanek could hold 250,000 prisoners. Even with the increased expectations for a higher capacity of Majdanek, construction came to a near halt in the spring of 1942. Construction materials could not be sent to Majdanek because supplies and railways were being used for the urgent transports needed to help the Germans on the Eastern front. Thus, with the exception of a few small additions after the spring of 1942, the camp did not grow much after it reached the capacity of approximately 50,000 prisoners. Majdanek was surrounded by an electrified, barbed-wire fence and 19 watchtowers. Prisoners were confined in 22 barracks, which were divided into five different sections.  Working also as a death camp, Majdanek had three gas chambers (which used carbon monoxide and  Zyklon B gas) and a single crematorium (a larger crematorium was added in September 1943). Death Toll It is estimated that approximately 500,000 prisoners were taken to Majdanek, with 360,000 of those killed. Around 144,000 of the dead died in the gas chambers or from being shot, while the rest died as the result of the brutal, cold, and unsanitary conditions of the camp. On November 3, 1943, 18,000 Jews were killed outside of Majdanek as part of Aktion Erntefest  Ã‚  the single largest death toll for a single day. Camp Commandments Karl Otto Koch (September 1941 to July 1942)Max Koegel (August 1942 to October 1942)Herman Florsted (October 1942 to September 1943)Martin Weiss (September 1943 to May 1944)Arthur Liebehenschel (May 1944 to July 22, 1944) * Jozef Marszalek, Majdanek: The Concentration Camp in Lublin (Warsaw: Interpress, 1986) 7. Bibliography Feig, Konnilyn. Hitlers Death Camps: The Sanity of Madness. New York: Holmes Meier Publishers, 1981. Mankowski, Zygmunt. Majdanek. Encyclopedia of the Holocaust. Ed. Israel Gutman. 1990. Marszalek, Jozef. Majdanek: The Concentration Camp in Lublin. Warsaw: Interpress, 1986.

Marketing Strategy of The Eastman Kodak Company Coursework

Marketing Strategy of The Eastman Kodak Company - Coursework Example In the early and mid-nineties, Kodak grew as a company and started developing new and improved models of their cameras. They developed the ‘Kodacolor range’ which included motion picture films, camera and projectors. These were sold at affordable prices. They also provided cameras to the U.S. Government for aerial photography during the First World War They didn’t stop there. They then introduced the ‘Instamatic camera’ which revolutionized the way people used cameras. It became a household item for amateur photographers because of its versatility and affordability. Today, however, the iconic brand is on its knees. This is because of the digital age. Kodak was slow in adapting to new-age digital technology, unlike the predecessors who were drivers of technology in the industry with their wide array of innovative patents. Where did Kodak go wrong? Well, there’s a couple of contributing factors. First off, Kodak used a high-velocity revenue model which entailed making profits off complimentary products to their cameras, i.e. the reel used by the camera. Their strategy was typically to sell cameras at a low cost, and let the film reel fuel its growth and profits. This meant the business was heavily dependant on this particular rigid model. Kodak was to pay the price for this rigidity soon enough. This came in the form of competition from overseas. The Japanese firm Fuji Film came into America and caught Kodak napping. They introduced reel that was one-fifth cheaper than Kodak’s offering. The result was devastating for Kodak, and even then their lack of market agility was evident by their slow reaction to the market. Further proof of the business’ inability to adapt to changing technology in the industry came in the early eighties when Sony Corporation ushered in the digital age with the release of the ‘Mavica’, a filmless digital camera that displayed photos directly on the user’s television sets. Pictures could also be printed if desired.

Globalization and Democratic Policies essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Globalization and Democratic Policies - Essay Example ipate in political rallies, community activities, direct association with political leaders and trade union protests enjoy the common ground of equality. When the majority of citizens in the society are charged with the duty to make decisions binding on the whole society we term that democracy. Political equality can justify the form of democratic government in various ways that allow empowerment of citizens to grow socially and economically while enjoying their civil rights. The society is held together by a joint action towards realizing a certain common goal. When citizens put aside their partisanship, they will realize that development is indispensible in society. Hence, the need to work together as a team is created. Thus in the light of political equality communities are built and developed through the enabling environment of unity (Kropf 2003). Citizens can promote legitimacy when they are involved in political activities. It is through seeing people as equals before the law that will only prompt their participation in affairs concerning their governance. For instance giving people a chance to vote their leaders will ensure satisfaction with the vote results even if they lose. In most cases, citizens learn to obey the laws and little police control is required to bring order. It becomes a culture by citizens to always get the right things done as they are fueled by the universal call for equality, justice, and unity. Democratic governments are easily identified by the warm and fruitful relationships they enjoy with their subjects through maintaining order and law. Involving people in making policies and laws will instill a sense of ownership making the laws to earn protection from the very citizens it is meant for. Contesting for any seat during national elections must be made open to anybody regardless of gender, colour, religion and race as long as the individual meets the basic requirement of the constitution and citizenship to that country. In

Humanities-issues in science and societies 3b Essay

Humanities-issues in science and societies 3b - Essay Example Notably, the cost of the GM seed is twice or thrice the cost of the non-biotech seeds. Nevertheless, it is evident that the adoption of this biotechnology is by far high in industrialized countries than in the developing ones. Research indicates that almost 91% of the global fields planted by the GM seeds are concentrated in six foremost industrialized countries. They include Canada, Argentina, United States of America, Paraguay, Brazil and Uruguay. Further analysis shows that, USA alone contributes to 54% of the total GM food supply worldwide while the rest countries generate a total of 80%. There are several factors have contributed to this disparity and; therefore, the case presented is more likely to dominate unless otherwise stated (Miller & Lentz 240). Therefore, this paper seeks to show how political agendas in the untapped markets, problematic stands and uncertainties in health, high economic costs, and uncertainties in markets contribute to the disparity in GM seeds sold to industrialized countries and developing countries. It has been of considerable concern on the level industrialized countries have taken the privilege in exploiting the potential grounds in developing countries. Inadequate resources hinder the development of bio-technology in the developing countries. This hindrance is also as a result of inadequate transparency on the significance and the stages of implementing GM food production methods. A close observation of Africa, for instance, forms the basis of these politically inclined agendas. As a result of severe drought and resilience of the pests, the international corporations have strongly indulged in claiming eminent ability of crop yields in these zones. In the course of implementing this system of food production, there emerges opposition even when these corporations are willing to donate them (Koch & Askeland 180). Private companies and other foundation are in the hype of

Nanotechnologys Impact on the Field of Catalysis

Nanotechnologys Impact on the Field of Catalysis   Mohammed Yusuf What is Nanocatalysis? The word Nanocatalysis is made up of two parts, nano and catalysis. Lets begin my tackling the first part. Nano, short for nanotechnology, is the study of extremely small things, and their applications to society. 1 nanometre is a billionth of a meter (Nano.gov, 2016). And as for catalysis, this refers to a chemical reaction bought about by a catalyst, with a catalyst being a substance that makes it possible for a reaction to be faster, by matching chemicals together quicker (Northwestern, 1999).   Nanotechnology and catalysis go together so well because in order for a catalyst to be as good as possible, it needs to have a large surface area. This allows the catalyst to interact with as much of the reactants as possible. Why I am researching Nanocatalysis? I decided to pursue this topic because the entire chemical industry is dominated by catalysts, nearly every product created via chemical reactions has been produced with the help of a catalyst. Furthermore, I chose this topic because of its futurology aspect its a well-known fact that global warming is slowly destroying our habitat, Earth. According to NASA, the carbon dioxide levels are the highest they have ever been in 650,000 years. This is contributing to the fact that our global temperature is up 1.4o F since 1880 (climate.nasa.gov, 2016). However, the scientists of this world arent just accepting this as our collective future, nanotechnology being used for catalysis has reinvented catalyst designing, and now catalysts can be designed to absorb harmful chemicals and gases that contribute to global warming. Because of nanotechnology, catalyst membranes can be modified to remove unwanted molecules from liquids and gases through the membrane design. (Nanowerk, 2010) What will this report be about?   Ã‚   This report will look into how nanotechnology is reinventing catalysis, Nanocatalysis real world applications, how it could be used to combat global warming, how Nanocatalysis is saving money and   how it is a safe alternative to ordinary catalyst. However, we will also dive into the problems that face the industry of Nanocatalysis, how it could pose health and safety issues to humans and how nanotechnology is very difficult to control. Efficiency: There are two types of catalysts, Heterogeneous and Homogenous. Heterogeneous catalysts are in different phases to the reactants, they are solid while the reactants are liquid. However Homogeneous catalysts are in the same phase as the reactants, if they are liquid, gas or solid so are the reactants. The key objective to making nanocatalysts work is making them as efficient as possible, stabilizing catalysts has been an issue for a very long time you need the catalyst to have a long lifetime, with a very high selectivity (more desired products formed). According toP. Nagaraju Rao, A good stabilizer is one that protects the nanoparticles during the catalytic process, but does not neutralize the surface of nanoparticles resulting in loss of catalytic activity. Catalyst stabilizers come in many forms, from metals to polymers. To increase efficiency as much as possible, scientists have used nanotechnology to create nanocatalysts supports. Through the discovery of a porous aluminium oxide powder, scientists have been able to improve efficiency. Dr Brian Woodfield and David Selck have used this porous material, with its huge network of pores, each 3 nanometres in length, and have filled each pore with expensive catalytic metals each pore 30,000 times smaller than a human hair. This may sound expensive, purchasing platinum and using it to fill holes, but it is on such a small scale that it is saving a huge amount of money. So, in theory, you are using less metal but each tiny piece of metal adds up to produce a huge surface area. In industry, clumps of platinum used to be used which is outrageous. Since it is a known fact that only the atoms on the surface that are exposed to the reaction are useful, this type of nanocatalysts saves so much time, money and effort. Dr Brian Woodfield and David Selck are wor king on producing tiny 1 nanometre crystals of these expensive metals and placing them in porous aluminium oxide, so every atom in the metal is being used. This streamlines production and therefore it improves efficiency. (Cougar Cosmos, 2011)[DS1] Improving reaction yield: Nanocatalysts are more efficient than normal catalysts, as I have established. This major advantage leads to a higher yield of the desired product in a chemical reaction. A real world example of this would be the production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil, where the Solid acid nanocatalysis of Al0.9H0.3PW12O40 nanotubes with double acid sites yield 96% of biodiesel from waste cooking oil as compared to 42.6% with conventional H3PW12O40 catalyst.   (P. Nagaraju Rao, 2010) Absorbing harmful gas emissions: By controlling the pore size of the catalytic membranes in nanocatalysts, you can alter them to remove unwanted molecules, such as harmful gases such as CO2 (global warming) and NO2 (ozone depletion), (Nanowerk, 2016). And through further experimentation by chemical engineers, leading nanotechnology research company Oxonica have produced a nano-diesel fuel additive which decreases fuel consumption, greenhouse gas emissions and other harmful emissions. This rock solid research has gone through years of large-scale trials. The science behind this is truly staggering through the utilization of Cerium oxide nanoparticles in the early stages of combustion, the peak pressure of reaction is reduced. This has a knock on effect, because this reduced pressure results in less NOx emission. This prolongs combustion, which leads to a reduction in inburnt hydrocarbon and, ultimately, a decrease in fuel consumption of up to 9%. This research can be applied to nanocatalysts, the genius of the resea rchers behind this discovery used fundamental physics knowledge to manufacture a product that makes the engine do more work for the same fuel used which can be also be done with catalysts! (P. Nagaraju Rao, 2010) Global warming is a very pressing issue, with the 10 warmest years ever recorded being logged since 1997 its these small improvements in existing reactions that add up to something phenomenal. (Friends of the Earth briefing, 2010) Karine Philippot and Philippe Sers research paper into the concepts of nanocatalysis perfectly outlines the benefits of nanocatalysts, as opposed to normal catalysts. Figure 1. (Karine Philippot and Philippe Ser, 2013) Shows us how nanomaterials are more efficient than regular materials. Figure 2. (Karine Philippot and Philippe Ser, 2013) Shows us how smaller particles (nanocatalysts) have higher selectivity than larger particles. Figure 3. (Karine Philippot and Philippe Ser, 2013) Shows how nanocatalysts have larger surface area than traditional catalysts. Lack of support from investors: Although the future for nanocatalysts look bright, it needs funding and support from investors to kick off and dominate the chemical industry. Investors are not heavily investing in research of newer types of catalysts. Instead, they are only investing in commercially approved nanocatalysts such as industrial enzymes. This is very worrying, as research into newer types of nanocatalysts is vital for this field to continue to improve. This wont happen if well-established nanocatalysts continue to receive the lions share of funding and investment. Lack of support from market: Funding may be vital, but so is good commercial performance. Newer nanocatalysts have a hard time finding buyers, as corporations continue to buy commercially well-established nanocatalysts. Commercially well-established nanocatalysts such as zeolites take up 98% of all global sales, which is a staggering figure. Hopefully, through more academic research companies will begin to venture into newer forms of nanocatalysts. (P. Nagaraju Rao, 2010) The market will eventually embrace nanocatalysis: Global Industry Analysts, Inc. predict that nanocatalysis will receive huge interest in the future, as global warming becomes more apparent and companies are either forced to, or willingly embrace more environmentally friendly methods. The global market for nanocatalysts is expected to reach $7.2 billion by 2020 with nanocatalysts focused on removing harmful greenhouse gasses receiving the most attention. The strength growth of automobile production in India and China means the Asia-Pacific will emerge as the fastest growing market. They believe automobile production will be a huge revenue stream for this global market as nano-catalytic converters will be become the new norm for the automobile industry. This makes sense, with the astonishing rise of the electric car, fuel based cars will eventually be phased out of society due to global warming concerns nano-catalytic converters can add a breath of life to this dying business. (Strategyr.com. 2015[DS2]) Furthermore, Global Industry Analysts, Inc. also point to the growing focus on reducing emissions in coal-fired power plants, stringent emission control norms and increasing adoption in waste water treatment. Figure 4. (Global Industry Analysts Inc. 2016.) Nanocatalysts vs catalysts: Normal, expensive metal, catalysts have been used for a very long time this doesnt truly mean they are better. Lets take platinum as an example, which suffers from low efficiency, slow kinetics, high costs and a very short lifetime. Nanocatalysts are efficient, save money, durable and have a high stability. They are essentially the new generation of catalysts. But that doesnt mean that the old will be phased out. As Ive discussed previously, engineers and material scientists such as Dr Brian Woodfield and David Selck are using highly expensive metals such as platinum and putting them in porous nanocatalysts supports to the point where so little of the expensive metal is being used, that the actual cost is reduced extensively. (Karine Philippot and Philippe Ser, 2013) Therefore, it would be better to classify nanocatalysis as an evolution, drawing from the old norms of chemistry and material science and using the theory behind this to reinvent the standard. Through secondary research, I was able to gather information from a large number of sources. At the start of this research, I had many goals and vague ideas about what nanocatalysis had the potential to be. Through extensive research I was able to establish that nanocatalysts will be essential to solving large scale issues such as global warming by transitioning the world from large emissions of greenhouse gases to low emissions of these harmful gases. This will have huge effects on the world, with deals such as the Paris Climate Agreement put in place to ensure global warming isnt the end of the world, nanocatalysis will surely be a card government and corporations will be playing. I was also able to establish, through my research, that nanocatalysis is soon to be a very lucrative industry. Industrial predictions show that since nanocatalysts save money, improve efficiency, selectivity and yield it will grow to be a $7.2 billion dollar global market to put this into perspective, this is more than double the valuation of the Cyprus stock exchange. (Visual Capitalist, 2016) Nanotechnology may be the science of extremely small things, but it has a big future ahead of it. 2066 words including citations. YouTube, 2011. Nanocatalysis Smaller, Cheaper, More Efficient [Online] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ufVYz-dBJGA [Accessed 17 Aug. 2016] P. Nagaraju Rao, 2010. Nanocatalysis: Applications in Chemical Industry. Nanotech, Volume 1 (Issue 1), Page 13-21 Friends of the Earth, 2010, Briefing: Climate Change Facts. [Online] Available at: https://www.foe.co.uk/sites/default/files/downloads/climate_change_facts.pdf [Accessed 12 Aug. 2016] Strategyr.com, (n.d). Nanocatalyst Market Trends. [Online] Available at: http://www.strategyr.com/MarketResearch/Nanocatalysts_Market_Trends.asp [Accessed 13 Aug. 2016] Nano.gov, (n.d). What is Nanotechnology? [Online} Available at: http://www.nano.gov/nanotech-101/what/definition [Accessed 2 Aug. 2016] visualcapitalist.com, (2016). All of the Worlds Stock Exchanges by Size. [Online] Available at: http://www.visualcapitalist.com/all-of-the-worlds-stock-exchanges-by-size/ [Accessed 20 Aug. 2016] Karine Philippot and Philippe Ser, 2013. Nanomaterials in Catalysis. Germany: Wiley-VCH, Page 25 Climate.nasa.gov, (2016). Global Climate Change: Vital Signs if the Planet. [Online] Available at: http://climate.nasa.gov/ [Accessed 4 Aug. 2016] Chemguide.co.uk, (2016). The Effect of Catalysts on Reaction Rates. [Online] Available at: http://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/basicrates/catalyst.html [Accessed 4 Aug. 2016] Northwestern.edu, (1999). What is Catalysis? [Online] Available at: http://www.northwestern.edu/magazine/northwestern/winter1999/winter99coverstoryside1.htm [Accessed 16 Aug. 2016] [DS1]This is not the format for Harvard referencing. [DS2]Good use of examples in this paragraph. [DS3]Should be in alphabetical order.   

My Big Break :: Personal Narrative Music Popularity Essays

My Big Break I'll never forget the time I made it into my high school's variety show during my freshman year. Every student has dreams of being the most popular kid in school. I was the quiet kid in school. I never caused any trouble, I never asked questions and I never started conversations. I wanted to be popular, but I knew that I needed a new image. I always enjoyed music; I always thought the drums were cool, so I began to play the drums. I formed a band with a few of my friends in hope to gain little popularity. In order for us to get our peer's attention, we had to try out for the variety show. I would have never imagined that playing in the variety show for my peers would transform me from a nobody into a somebody. I had two main goals that I wanted to get from being in the variety show: to gain recognition from the students and to play music on stage in front of a large audience. I formed a band with my friends from middle school. Matt Bochicchio, one of my best friends, played guitar. He was always the hardest to get to practice because he was on the high school soccer team so it was difficult for him to find any free time to practice. Matt was so good on guitar that we made him the lead guitarist. Ian Williams, who was a wanna be badass, played rhythm guitar. Ian was always getting himself into trouble with the teachers. Ian wasn't as good as Matt which I found ironic because Ian had been playing guitar a lot longer than him. Fritz played bass and he was the most terrible bass player that I had ever played with in my entire life. Fritz is his last name; his first name is Matt. We called him Fritz so there wouldn't be any confusion. He only wanted to be in a band so he could get chicks, but his plan didn't work out. Nick Naro, a lady's man in his time, was our singer. He wasn't a really good singer, but he had a PA system and back then, that's all that matte red. The band was originally mine and Matt's, but we lost control of it to Nick whom loved the spotlight. He let his ego go to his head and we would get the impression from him that we didn't matter.

Lolita Response Paper

Carleigh Craparo 12. 3. 12 English Lolita can be described as a controversial book that can draw the readers in and cause them to feel sympathetic towards a man who is a murderer, pedophile, predator, and an egomaniac. The author, Vladimir Nabokov, seduced the readers’ minds’ with numerous elements about Humbert to distract them from his true evil tendencies. Humbert is the main character of Lolita and describes his life story from an American jail cell. He begins to describe his childhood and how he was struck by his first love named Annabel Leigh.They were deeply attracted to one another and attempted to make love for the first time, however, they are interrupted and never able to follow through because Annabel died shortly after. Throughout the novel, Humbert attempts to â€Å"recreate† his past and therefore a psychotic obsession follows. Humbert is a sympathetic pedophile that is trapped in his own self-delusion. He is able to manipulate the readers by captu ring them with his eloquent writing style, cunning looks, justification, and an array of attempts to get the reader to see through his eyes with his skewed perspective.Vladimir’s style of writing really stuck out to many readers at the time it was published. Humbert mainly writes in long sentences and uses elegant words to transpose the reader’s feelings towards his lustful desire. Humbert was raised by a multicultural father who gave Humbert the ability to become multilingual and have an impressive education. He feeds the readers’ minds’ with fancy words such as etiolated, sartorial, truculently, Lucerne, platitudinous, or even neuralgic. Humbert is able to distract the reader from the evil in his thoughts by using his literary illusions, ornate style, and multilingual puns.Also, Vladimir creatively uses anagrams throughout his writing such as a character’s name is Vivian Darkbloom, which correlates with the author’s name Vladimir Nabokov. The words and phrases he uses foreshadow the storyline. For example, the name Dolores, which is Lolita’s real name, means sorrow and grief in Latin. While, Lolita, (the name Humbert made up) sounds light, playful, and suggestive. Humbert changing Dolores’s name shows that he dehumanizes her and created a fantasy of her in his head. Mentally, he already separated her from the normal childhood she needed and fantasized of a fake realm.Also, the author creates many visual scenes like in the book when he was recalling a shopping trip, â€Å"Lifesize plastic figures of snug-nosed children with dun-colored, greenish, brown-dotted, faunish faces floated around me. I realized I was the only shopper in that rather eerie place where I moved about fishlike, in a glaucous aquarium. I sensed strange thoughts. † His style in writing connects the readers so intensely with Humbert so they can feel his emotions to end up having emotional empathy. Humbert was a man that was fasci nated not only with nymphettes, but also his â€Å"charming outward appearance†.Even though Humbert Humbert is a narcissist man, he has a long history of women lusting after him. It all began with his beloved Annabel, then to his first wife Valeria, then onto Charlotte, Lolita Jean Farlow, and lastly Rita. All of these women became entranced by Humbert’s â€Å"clean-cut jaw, muscular hand, deep sonorous voice, broad shoulder†. Not only were many women falling for Humbert’s looks, but also Humbert himself. He was very aware of his appearance and even says â€Å"I was, and still am, despite mes malheurs, an exceptionally handsome male; slow-moving, tall, with soft dark hair and a gloomy but all the more seductive cast of demeanor†.Humbert is a very egotistical man and compliments his outward appearances to balance his inner guilt. He is able to charm the readers by distracting them with his likable attractiveness. Not only does Humbert Humbert manipu late the audience with his writing style, proper English background, and physical features, but he also justifies his actions. He desperately attempts for the readers to understand his shameful past and makes excuses for the actions he made. He is an unreliable narrator and rarely reveals how the scenes truly play out.Humbert gives the story in a biased manner and is overwhelmed in his self-delusion. He is constantly looking for sympathy and wants the reader to be as perverse as he is. Many say that he battles between beauty and lust. He pretends that he is appreciating beauty and completely voids his ethics and morals. Sadly, lust ultimately wins and he overtakes Lolita’s innocence. Again, Humbert blames Quilty for taking Lolita’s innocence when it was truly Humbert himself. He somewhat understands his actions were wrong when he begins to express regret, â€Å"Reader!What I heard was but the melody of children at play, nothing but that, and so limpid was the air with in this vapor of blended voices, majestic and minute, remote and magically near, frank and divinely enigmatic—one could hear now and then, as if released, an almost articulate spurt of vivid laughter [†¦] I stood listening to that musical vibration from my lofty slope [†¦] and then I knew that the hopelessly poignant thing was not Lolita's absence from my side, but the absence of her voice from that concord† Humbert is an evil man that will not accept his pedophiliac nature.Lolita quickly had her mother, innocence, and rights taken from her when Humbert walked into her life. Humbert likes to paint Lolita as a young girl infatuated with him because his looks resembled that of a famous celebrity she had a crush on. However, he rarely goes into depth on Lolita’s thoughts and emotions and completely dismisses them. He immediately believes this â€Å"street smart† girl feels the exact same way he does.Not only does Humbert try to twist that Lolita fee ls the same way as Humbert feels, but he also manipulates the readers to think that Lolita has full control over the relationship. If it wasn’t for Humbert madly obsessing over Lolita, her mother Charlotte, would not run away frantically from finding out about Humbert’s true dark feelings for Lolita. Charlotte is instantly killed by a car and Humbert truly has no guilt whatsoever for her death but feels relieved instead. Humbert then is able to take full control of Lolita’s life and belongings.Humbert is constantly bribing Lolita for sexual favors and strips her away from having any freedom at school such as talking to boys. They travel across the country and Lolita ripped away from having anything close to a normal life. Humbert is proven to be a manipulator and controller because of his behavior in the past. Throughout his childhood, he had control over his life after his mother’s death. He is able to manipulate Lolita by being in full control of the mo ney and tells her that she has nowhere to go if she attempts to leave him.She had no other alternative but to fall to someone else to escape the trap that Humbert put on Lolita. Humbert is able to make the audience see that he is just a man that can’t control his lust and love for a girl when she is constantly throwing herself at him. However, that may not be the case and by him becoming more and more controlling of Lolita, he is losing less control of himself. Overall, Humbert is a sympathetic pedophile constantly lurking for others to understand his feelings or he may think that people just think and feel as he does.He uses numerous techniques to grab his victims and get them to be controlled or manipulated. When the book was first published, many did not see the art to Nabakov’s book and completely dismissed it as â€Å"pornographic† and â€Å"innapropriate†. However, Nabakov took a dark storyline and got the readers to â€Å"become one† with th e villain. Even Nabakov says Humbert is a â€Å"monster of incuriosity† and â€Å"a vain and cruel wretch†. Nabakov is able to get the audience to feel sympathetic for him and seduce the readers with his memoirs. He uses

The concept of co

The concept of co Introduction The field of strategic management has been exposed to many new challenges that are often unexpected in the recent past. And, these unexpected challenges stem from organizational strategic action as well as strategic thinking, which are coupled with the changing dynamics of business environment.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on The concept of co-opetition as a strategic method specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, it is important to not only adapt new interpretive strategies such as co-opetition, but also to integrate them into the existing theoretical perspective. The concept of co-opetition has been coined from two words that include competition as well as cooperation, which are essential in studying inter-firm dynamics (Brandenburger Nalebuff, 1996, p.19). Co-opetition as a strategic method This concept is used in strategic management of different players that include the organization and ot her stakeholders such as suppliers, customers, complementors, and competitors. Essentially, coopetition defines both horizontal and vertical interdependence of a firm (Contractor Lorange, 1988, p.26). Focusing on horizontal interdependence, a firm can make supernormal profits when it gains advantage over its competitors in an entire industry by mobilizing resources, using them competently to produce more superior products than those of their business rivals. Therefore, co-opetition is strategically used by firms for value-creation that results into supernormal profits (Drucker, 1954, p.47). Moreover, in vertical interdependence, a firm can strategically employ co-opetition to achieve value appropriation, which is linked to economic exchange. Under this concept, economic values created by firms are carefully shared among the stakeholders, following the allocative efficiency principle. The concept of co-opetition strategy employed in vertical interdependence can be used to enhance va lue-appropriation of economic returns (Kenworthy, 1995, p. 34). Co-opetition enhances strategic interdependence, especially in value creation and cooperation among firms. Importantly, firms employ co-opetition as a strategic tool for evaluating economic benefits and competitive gains derived from cooperative approach (Axelrod, 1984, p.53). Discussion and Conclusion Co-opetition combines both the elements of cooperation and competition, which make it possible for businesses to achieve value creation. Therefore, co-opetitive value creation contributes immensely to strategic management of organizations because co-opetitive strategy plays a crucial role in strategic interdependence among business networks.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The concept of co-opetition as a strategic management approach does not only facilitate value creation, but also enhances value sharing that is often witnessed in the variable-positive-sum game strategy. In addition, co-opetition encourages value appropriation, promotes value creation and facilitates entrepreneurial spirit among organizations. In fact, co-opetition is more of a voice-based strategy, which is contrary to the one that is exit-based (Hirschman, 1970, p.57). For instance, exit based models can be witnessed in arms length procurement processes that are often characterized by limited communication among businesses and their suppliers, thus barring easy transfer of information. On the other hand, the voice-based procurement model is witnessed in the Japanese procurement strategy that emphasizes on the most effective transfer of information about procedures to be followed by all the persons who are involved in the chain of supply (Kenney Florida, 1993, p.29). And, the voice-based procurement strategy emphasizes that transfer of information must be made in a timely manner. This strategy is important in the sense that there are both long term and stable relationships, which motivate suppliers to improve on their productivity. For example, Japanese auto-manufacturers have taken a strong lead against their competitors over the years owing to their good supplier relationships that have significantly contributed to their superiority (Porter, 1985, p.63). In summary, the concept of co-opetition is not only important in creating economic value, but also in facilitating knowledge creation that is of sound importance in strategic business management. Besides, co-opetition as a strategic method adds more value to firms than they can gain through the traditional competitive models. References Axelrod, R. (1984). The evolution of cooperation. New York, NY: Basic Books. Brandenburger, A.M. Nalebuff, B.J. (1996). Co-opetition. New York, NY: Doubleday. Contractor, F.J. Lorange, P. (1988). Cooperative strategies in international business. Boston: Lexington Books.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on The concept of co-opetition as a strategic method specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Drucker, P.F. (1954). The Practice of Management. New York, NY: Harper Row. Hirschman, A. (1970). Exit, voice and loyalty: Responses to decline in firms, organizations and states. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Kenney, M. Florida, R. (1993). Beyond mass production: The Japanese System and its transfer to the U.S. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Kenworthy, L. (1995). In search of national economic success: Balancing competition and cooperation. Sage: Thousand Oaks (CA). Porter, M.E. (1985). Competitive Advantage. New York, NY: Free Press.

10 Things Hiring Managers Wish You Knew When Applying For Jobs

10 Things Hiring Managers Wish You Knew When Applying For Jobs There is a lot of advice about how to interview out there. But the people we should really be asking for advice about the interview process are the people who conduct those interviews- the hiring managers. Here are the 10 things hiring managers wish you knew. Make their jobs easy, and you just might get the job.1. Be early, but not too earlyWhatever you do, do not be late. That said, if you show up 30-45 minutes early, you could really distract or annoy the hiring manager, who might have better things to do and not want to interview you on the fly. If you end up at the office with this much time to spare, grab a coffee or do some last minute prep on your own before going in. Aim to be 10-15 minutes early. Most hiring managers agree that is the sweet spot.2. Don’t apply unqualifiedIf you don’t meet 85% or more of what the job description says they’re looking for, don’t bother interviewing. The hiring manager will just feel like you are wasting his time. Mak e sure you meet the minimum requirements (and that you go a few steps beyond as well) before going in for an interview. You don’t have to be perfect or overqualified, just not obviously underqualified.3. Do your homeworkToo many applicants head into the interview room without doing research into the company, their potential manager, or their role in the industry at large. Don’t fall victim to this laziness.Do your homework! Look up specifics! Familiarize yourself with the company’s workings, their numbers, and their day-to-day operations. This will impress the interviewer and give you plenty of topics about which to converse. Don’t go in the room until you feel comfortable reciting in one sentence what the company does and why. Internalize the narrative and tailor your answers to emphasize how well you understand what they are looking for.4. Treat it like a first dateInterviews can be a bit like speed dating, and that’s okay. It’s your chanc e to see whether the company would be a good fit for you, and their chance to see whether you’d be a good fit for their culture. Chances are, if you got the interview, you’re already a technical fit given your qualifications and experience. You’re in the room to get to know each other. Treat it like a date; don’t talk too much about yourself. Ask questions. Listen. Be respectful, but also make sure to show off your best traits.5. Bring questionsPart of doing your homework is coming armed with questions. You will be asked. Make sure you don’t get caught without a good one. Think of what you’re curious about that you weren’t able to find online or on the company’s website. When in doubt, ask about some of the specifics for the position you’d be filling, or potential growth opportunities within the company.6. Lead with your software skillsBefore you even show up for the interview, you need to convince the hiring manager tha t you have the skills necessary to be qualified in the first place. If you don’t already have a list of all the software programs in which you are proficient, put that in immediately. If they see that you’re a rockstar with the one program they use most, you’re almost guaranteed to get an interview.7. Don’t lieIf you lie, either on your resume or during the interview, you will almost certainly get caught. Resumes and references are checked. Fluffing yourself up a little is a human tendency; a little spin on your accomplishments in one position might be justified. Just don’t bend the actual truth. And be prepared to prove yourself.8. Say thank youThere is no excuse for not sending an immediate, handwritten thank you note. Or at very least, a thank you email.9.  Be patientNothing is likely to get you bumped out of the running more than constantly badgering the hiring manager about when the decision will be made. Ask for a timeframe for decision-mak ing when you’re in the room, then don’t make a peep until a day or two beyond that. A short, respectful follow-up email will do. And if you don’t hear back? You didn’t get the job.10. Know that hiring managers are people tooPut yourself in your hiring manager’s shoes for a second. They see dozens of people. It’s your job to make their job easier, and to make yourself memorable. It’s also your job to ask the questions you need answered; don’t just assume this information will be handed to you.Imagine meeting with a person who has been looking at three hundred similar resumes for the same position. Try to dazzle them. They’ll thank you for it, even if you don’t get this particular job. And it’s a great skill to learn for next time.

Transit finance project Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Transit finance project - Research Paper Example Within federal jurisdiction, it represented the policies and programs of the municipal governments of Canada since 1901. The FCM ensures that its 1200 members representing larger cities to small rural communities work sincerely for improving the quality of life of the communities they represent. The municipal institutions of Canada are efficient, strong and accountable and they ensure that their services are affordable, reasonable and beneficial for both the people and businesses in Canada. In fact, the municipal institutions of Canada reflect its character and they deliver their services to the citizens and play a key role in social cohesion and economic sustainability in Canada. The report aims to analyse the taxing and spending of public finance in Canadian municipalities in the backdrop of the province of Ontario. This research report is a part of the transit finance project, which is prepared by applying the theoretical discussion of taxation and analysing the politics of taxation. The background of this report is the province of Ontario, which created Metrolinx in 2006 for planning transit expansion and improving transit system integration, especially in two areas namely Hamilton and Greater Toronto. Metrolinx presented its report, The Big Move, in 2008. The Big Move is a 25-year plan, which required substantial investment in the subway, BRT, LRT, and GO Rail projects. As per estimates of the plan, it requires an investment of about $2 billion every year for a period of 25 years. These projects are justified on certain grounds such as the traffic congestion in Toronto is regarded as the worst in the North America. The people and businesses pay huge cost s due this worst traffic congestion. Presently, it is estimated that the per year cost to the people and businesses is around $ 6 billion, which is expected to reach up to $ 15 by the year 2031. It is the general consensus

Facebook Phenomenon Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Facebook Phenomenon - Essay Example These sites are defined as web-based services that permit people to create a semi-public or public profile in a bounded system; convey a list of other people who they share a connection with; and examine and navigate their record of connections and those of other users inside the system. Today, social network sites with varied technological affordances thereby sustaining a broad range of practices as well as interests exist in hundreds. Whilst the key technological features of these social network sites are consistent, the cultures emerging around them are different. Although most sites encourage pre-existing social networks’ maintenance, others assist strangers to hook up founded on shared interests, activities or political views. Moreover, while some sites take care of different audiences, others draw users based on nationality, common language or shared religious, racial, or sexual identities. This paper delves into Facebook, a popular social network that has taken the 19th century generation by storm. Introduction Facebook refers to a very popular internet phenomenon, primarily a site for social networking that allows individuals worldwide to communicate, share videos and photos as well as play such games as Oregon Trail, Scrabble and Chess. Facebook profiles are made up of a collection of small, java-based programs that one can add, and just like Mac, some of them link seamlessly to iPhoto, iTunes, and iCal. Unlike Mac, Facebook is free of charge (Mac Life, 2008). According to reports form Facebook users, on average, most people use between 10-30 minutes daily in Facebook and have between 150-200 friends on their profile (Ellison, et al., 2007). Gallaugher (2009) explains that Mark Zuckerberg, a student from Harvard, created Facebook in the year 2004 February and that Facebook was resulted from Zuckerberg’s drunken tryouts in his dorm room, with one of his experiments comparing his colleagues to farm animals, which almost led to his expulsion from the school. He was a sophomore in Harvard and in the weeks that he spent working on Facebook, he did not even have time to study for ‘Art in the Time of Augustus,’ a course that he was taking. He instead spent time creating a Website that contained every artwork in class and pinging his fellow students to put in to a common study guide. In a very short time, the acumen of crowds generated a sort of traditional Cliffs Notes for the module and following the appraisal of the Web-based crib pane, he championed the test. Later that year, Zuckerberg dropped out of Harvard. At first, the network was restricted for Harvard scholars. Phillips Exeter Academy, Zuckerberg’s high school, came up with the initial idea for the expression Facebook. The school passed the Face Book around to all students as a means of helping students to be acquainted with their classmates for the next year. During that time, it was an actual paper book and many colleges essentially gave stu dents printed facebooks, which included the students’ biographical information, study areas, interest areas among others. Zuckerberg introduced it to the internet and it was a great success. Within a fortnight, half of Boston’s colleges and universities and finally major corporations began requesting for the Facebook network. In four months’ time, Facebook included thirty new school networks. To assist in building Facebook, Zuckerberg recruited his friends Chris Hughes and Dustin Moskovitz immediately (Treadaway & Smith, 2010). By the time Zuckerberg was twenty-three years old, he had won the favor of Newsweek – he was appearing on their cover and they were profiling him on sixty minutes. Moreover, the tech world

The Principle of Correspondence in Criminal Law Essay

The Principle of Correspondence in Criminal Law - Essay Example In criminal law, for an accused person to be found culpable, he or she is obliged to have indeed committed an unlawful act (actus reus) and must have acquired the mental state (mens rea) that propelled him to perform an illegal act. Actus reus is derived from Latin and means â€Å"guilty act† whereas mens rea means â€Å"guilty mind†. Under actus reus, the guilty act referred to could either be the commission or omission of an act that then leads to the violation of existing laws. Consider a case where a person, willingly and knowingly, drives over the speed limit. Here, the act of over speeding is done with total disregard to the existing law. An example of an omission of an act is a case where after adopting a pet, a person fails to care for and feed it thus leading to its demise. The crime in this case arises from the failure to act. In many occasions, a person is required to have had the necessary â€Å"mental state† while committing a crime for him or her to be found guilty of an offence. Often, mens rea refers to the intention to commit a crime. Some crimes, however, are done by unknowingly. Mens rea therefore may refer to other states of mind such as criminal negligence, recklessness or willful blindness. Intention refers to the situation where a person knowingly understands that their actions go against the rule of law and yet they continue with the guilty act. Willful blindness is shown where a person is aware of the possibility of wrongdoing but chooses to pursue with the offense.

Roderigo and Othello Essay Example for Free

Roderigo and Othello Essay The film adaptation of the play Othello by William Shakespeare is a very successful movie tie-in of this piece of classic literature that has been around for decades. Othello is one of Shakespeare’s renowned masterpieces, a love story which ends up as a tragedy. Although it is said that a truly faithful adaptation of a novel or a work in a different medium is not really possible, this movie gives a significant example of an adaptation that gives a fairly faithful reproduction of the play’s storyline. In Act I Scene 1 of the play, the first scene shows Roderigo and Iago arguing about the former’s failure in winning Desdemona’s heart despite Iago receiving a substantial amount from Roderigo, and that now, alas, Othello and Desdemona have gotten married. In the movie, this scene appears later on as the process of intersecting is employed. The first few scenes of the film portray a seemingly illicit tryst which takes place in the night, a court meeting of leaders, and a marriage between a white woman and a black man which is sealed with a kiss. It is only after these sequences are presented that the argument between Iago and Roderigo is shown, that is, after initially establishing the background of why the argument between them came about. Intersecting is also seen in the way Iago and Othello are shown in the film as conniving to kill both Desdemona and Cassio. This is further dramatized when they seal their partnership with a blood compact as illustrated in the movie a few moments before Othello promotes Iago to become his lieutenant. Somehow, this sequence also hints at the possible homosexual tendencies of Iago – as he says the lines: â€Å"I am your own forever† while glancing lovingly at Othello, thereby giving the viewer an idea of the reasons behind Iago’s actions. And then again, towards the end of the film, when Othello has already been disarmed, Cassio is shown secretly handing over a knife to his former master, perhaps giving him a way to escape his inopportune fate. In a way, this just demonstrates that Cassio is indeed a loyal servant of Othello, which the latter realizes quite late, because of the misplaced trust which he establishes with Iago. But then, again, this only gives Othello the resolve to use this weapon to end his life because of what he did to his wife. On the other hand, Act I Scene 2 depicts Iago warning Othello that Brabanzio may propose a divorce, followed by Cassio’s arrival to inform Othello that he is being summoned by the Duke, and then the confrontation scene between Brabanzio and Othello. The movie adaptation resorts to the process of borrowing this time, as these scenes are shortened, and somehow compressed, but still altogether included. The presentation was altered in some way, and yet the essence of this sub-plot was captured in a short screen time of approximately 2 minutes. The same is notable in Act II Scene 1 when a storm supposedly takes place which facilitates the defeat of the Turks. The troops at Cyprus were getting worried because of Othello’s delayed return, and this is highlighted in the play. In the movie, however, these scenes are downplayed, condensed and merely narrated, yet still included in the plot. The apprehensiveness of Desdemona about the delayed return of her husband was not much felt, and yet the beginnings of Iago’s plot to create a tapestry of lies around Cassio and Desdemona’s possible relationship was given more emphasis. This somehow served to draw attention to Othello and Desdemona’s relationship and how from a very ideal union, it soured to become a misfortune. Some other ideas which were borrowed from the original play and incorporated into the movie adaptation were Desdemona’s handkerchief and how it became the object of jealousy, the foreboding song â€Å"Willow† and Othello’s fit of epilepsy. Alternatively, in the last scene of Act I, Brabanzio relates his dilemma to the Duke about his daughter being stolen from him with the use of witchcraft, pointing to Othello as the person who committed this act. Othello is given the chance to explain, which is later on confirmed by Desdemona herself. Thus, Othello’s marriage becomes justified and the explanation narrated by the accused was well-taken by the Duke. After arriving at a resolution to their squabble, Othello is sent to Cyprus on a mission, and Desdemona requests the Duke to allow her to join her husband having been just married. All these sequences are displayed in the movie version and are accurately presented as the film further unfolds, and can easily be described as illustrating fidelity of transformation. Likewise, the scenes pertaining to Iago and the numerous ways by which he portrayed his role of the antagonist in this movie are well-represented. The actor who played the character of Iago was definitely hateful as the traitor friend to Roderigo and Othello, an effective manipulator of people, and an outstanding liar to almost everyone in the cast. Iago definitely abhorred Othello, but in both the play and the film, the underlying reason for this hatred is not delved upon and up until the end, Iago does not apologize for his misdeeds. Although reference to Iago’s suspicions about Othello’s possible involvement with his wife Emilia are left out and never tackled, as well as Iago’s secret lustful desires for Desdemona as cited in the play, the main plot pertaining to Othello and Desdemona’s relationship and the complications that transpire, was truthfully demonstrated and adhered to. Fidelity of transformation is also seen in the way Act II Scene 3 is presented in the movie since all the essential scenes in the play are also recounted from the time Cassio assumes guardship at Cyprus while Othello consummated his marriage to Desdemona, to the brawl with Roderigo, up to the time Cassio is stripped off his rank after engaging in a duel with Governor Montano. Iago’s soliloquys were also retained, further rendering the film as a precise reproduction of this classic literary piece. It is also noticeable that the clown in Act III Scene 1 and the whole of Scene 2 were dropped, but since the main plot about Othello’s love story was still retained, it did not have a significant effect on the main storyline. From Act III Scene 3 up to the last act and scene, the complications of Othello’s jealousy over the imagined relationship of his wife Desdemona with his lieutenant Cassio are gradually revealed and given more weight. It is apparent that the director of the film wanted to focus on the tragedy in the story more than any other of the play’s sub-plots, hence, more than half of the movie’s running time was devoted to the conflict building up – conflict based on the context of â€Å"man against man† and â€Å"man against himself†, up until the story’s climax and gloomy ending. Othello’s jealousy was more imagined than real but it was lamentable because he allowed Iago to exploit and manipulate his thoughts and feelings for Desdemona, which was effectively portrayed and delivered to the viewer in this film. As a whole, the movie version of Othello was a success as an adaptation due to the use of different types of approaches in its presentation. The essential portions of the play were retained, and the translations and transposition of scenes and sequences did not affect the plot so much because the story’s progression was clear and crisp, and the original dialogues retained for the most part. The plot of the movie adhered to Othello and Desdemona’s love story in the play, which was captured as poignantly as it should have been staged before a live audience. With this trend of transforming the play into a more accessible and readily available type of media catering to the mass audience, it will not be surprising to see more such adaptations in the offing. Works Cited Barron, D Parker, O. 1995. Othello. United Kingdom United States: Columbia Pictures.